Zolpidem: Difference between revisions

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Zolpidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine drug of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of drugs is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group.

GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and ~~cyclopyrrolones~~ under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.

GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.

Three syntheses of zolpidem are common. 4-methylacetophenone is used as a common precursor. This is brominated and reacted with 2-amino-5-methylpyridine to give the imidazopyridine. From here the reactions use a variety of reagents to complete the synthesis, either involving thionyl chloride or sodium cyanide. These reagents are challenging to handle and require thorough safety assessments.<ref>ohnson DS, Li JJ (2007). ''The art of drug synthesis''. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. pp. Chapter 15, Section 2. ISBN <bdi>9780471752158</bdi>.</ref> Though such safety procedures are common in industry, they make clandestine manufacture difficult.

A number of major side-products of the sodium cyanide reaction have been characterised and include dimers and mannich products.<ref>Sumalatha Y (2009). "Synthesis and spectral characterization of zolpidem related substances - hypnotic agent". ''Arkivoc''. '''2009''' (7): 143–149. doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.0010.714.</ref>

==Pharmacology==

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 Zolpidem is a hypnotic nonbenzodiazepine drug of the [[chemical class::imidazopyridine]] class. This class of drugs is named for having an imidazole constituent, a five-membered ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen constituents fused to a pyridine ring, a six-membered nitrogenous ring which shares a nitrogen with the imidazole group.
-GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrolones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.
+GABA<sub>A</sub>-agonizing imidazopyridines such as zolpidem are often grouped with pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones under the label "nonbenzodiazepines" for their similar effects.
+Three syntheses of zolpidem are common. 4-methylacetophenone is used as a common precursor. This is brominated and reacted with 2-amino-5-methylpyridine to give the imidazopyridine. From here the reactions use a variety of reagents to complete the synthesis, either involving thionyl chloride or sodium cyanide. These reagents are challenging to handle and require thorough safety assessments.<ref>ohnson DS, Li JJ (2007). ''The art of drug synthesis''. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. pp. Chapter 15, Section 2. ISBN <bdi>9780471752158</bdi>.</ref> Though such safety procedures are common in industry, they make clandestine manufacture difficult.
+A number of major side-products of the sodium cyanide reaction have been characterised and include dimers and mannich products.<ref>Sumalatha Y (2009). "Synthesis and spectral characterization of zolpidem related substances - hypnotic agent". ''Arkivoc''. '''2009''' (7): 143–149. doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.0010.714.</ref>
 ==Pharmacology==