Modafinil: Difference between revisions

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==Chemistry==

Modafinil is a synthetic molecule of the benzhydryl class. Benzhydryl compounds are comprised of two benzene rings attached to a single carbon molecule. Modafinil is classified as a sulphinyl benzhydryl molecule, as it also contains a ~~sulphinyl~~ group, a sulphur molecule double-bonded to an oxygen molecule, attached to the carbon of the benzhydryl group. From this sulphur group at R<sub>2</sub>, an acetamide group is bound at its free carbon through a carbonyl group to a terminal amine group. Modafinil is structurally analogous to fluorafinil, another benzhydryl stimulant.

Modafinil is a synthetic molecule of the benzhydryl class. Benzhydryl compounds are comprised of two benzene rings attached to a single carbon molecule. Modafinil is classified as a sulphinyl benzhydryl molecule, as it also contains a sulfinyl group, a sulphur molecule double-bonded to an oxygen molecule, attached to the carbon of the benzhydryl group. From this sulphur group at R<sub>2</sub>, an acetamide group is bound at its free carbon through a carbonyl group to a terminal amine group. Modafinil is structurally analogous to fluorafinil, another benzhydryl stimulant.

While modafinil is a racemic mixture, a similar medication, [[armodafinil]], consists of only the (−)-(R)-enantiomer of modafinil.

While modafinil is a racemic mixture, a similar medication, [[armodafinil]], consists of only the (−)-(R)-enantiomer of modafinil. Modafinil is a highly researched compound, with many derivatives created and studied<ref>Efficient synthesis and biological evaluation of two modafinil analogues - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968089608009772</ref>.

Modafinil was originally developed in France by neurophysiologist professor Michel Jouvet and Lafon Laboratories. Modafinil originated with the late 1970s invention of a series of benzhydryl sulfinyl compounds, including adrafinil, which was first offered as an experimental treatment for narcolepsy in France in 1986. Modafinil is the primary metabolite of adrafinil, lacking the polar -OH group on its terminal amide,<ref>Modafinil: past, present and future - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14737175.2.4.449</ref> and has similar activity to the parent drug but is much more widely used. It has been prescribed in France since 1994 under the name Modiodal, and in the US since 1998 as Provigil.

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*'''Germany:''' Modafinil is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/BJNR363210005.html</ref>

*'''Russian Federation:''' Modafinil is classed as a Schedule II substance. <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=142882;fld=134;dst=4294967295;rnd=0.8965571122244;from=141820-563|title = Narcotics}}</ref>

*'''Sweden''': Modafinil is a controlled substance.<ref>Regulation prohibiting certain narcotics - http://rkrattsbaser.gov.se/sfst?fritext=Modafinil&upph=false&sort=desc</ref>

*'''Switzerland:''' Modafinil is listed as a "Abgabekategorie B" pharmaceutical, which requires a prescription.{{citation needed}}

*'''United Kingdom:''' Modafinil is a licensed prescription-only medicine (POM) in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con273748.pdf|title = MHRA license for Modafinil in UK|date = April 3, 2013|author = MHRA|publisher = MHRA}}</ref> It is not a criminal offence to possess this medicine without a valid prescription. This medicine can legally be obtained with a valid prescription or through legal import of the medicine for personal use as outlined in Section 13 of the Medicines Act 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/67/section/13|title = Medicines Act 1968 Section 13}}</ref>

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==Chemistry==
-Modafinil is a synthetic molecule of the benzhydryl class. Benzhydryl compounds are comprised of two benzene rings attached to a single carbon molecule. Modafinil is classified as a sulphinyl benzhydryl molecule, as it also contains a sulphinyl group, a sulphur molecule double-bonded to an oxygen molecule, attached to the carbon of the benzhydryl group. From this sulphur group at R<sub>2</sub>, an acetamide group is bound at its free carbon through a carbonyl group to a terminal amine group. Modafinil is structurally analogous to fluorafinil, another benzhydryl stimulant.
+Modafinil is a synthetic molecule of the benzhydryl class. Benzhydryl compounds are comprised of two benzene rings attached to a single carbon molecule. Modafinil is classified as a sulphinyl benzhydryl molecule, as it also contains a sulfinyl group, a sulphur molecule double-bonded to an oxygen molecule, attached to the carbon of the benzhydryl group. From this sulphur group at R<sub>2</sub>, an acetamide group is bound at its free carbon through a carbonyl group to a terminal amine group. Modafinil is structurally analogous to fluorafinil, another benzhydryl stimulant.
-While modafinil is a racemic mixture, a similar medication, [[armodafinil]], consists of only the (−)-(R)-enantiomer of modafinil.
+While modafinil is a racemic mixture, a similar medication, [[armodafinil]], consists of only the (−)-(R)-enantiomer of modafinil. Modafinil is a highly researched compound, with many derivatives created and studied<ref>Efficient synthesis and biological evaluation of two modafinil analogues - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968089608009772</ref>.
+Modafinil was originally developed in France by neurophysiologist professor Michel Jouvet and Lafon Laboratories. Modafinil originated with the late 1970s invention of a series of benzhydryl sulfinyl compounds, including adrafinil, which was first offered as an experimental treatment for narcolepsy in France in 1986. Modafinil is the primary metabolite of adrafinil, lacking the polar -OH group on its terminal amide,<ref>Modafinil: past, present and future - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14737175.2.4.449</ref> and has similar activity to the parent drug but is much more widely used. It has been prescribed in France since 1994 under the name Modiodal, and in the US since 1998 as Provigil.
 {{Modafinil/Pharmacology}}
@@ Line 84: / Line 86: @@
 *'''Germany:''' Modafinil is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/BJNR363210005.html</ref>
 *'''Russian Federation:''' Modafinil is classed as a Schedule II substance. <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=142882;fld=134;dst=4294967295;rnd=0.8965571122244;from=141820-563|title = Narcotics}}</ref>
-*'''Sweden''': Modafinil is a controlled substance.<ref>Regulation prohibiting certain narcotics - http://rkrattsbaser.gov.se/sfst?fritext=Modafinil&upph=false&sort=desc</ref>
 *'''Switzerland:''' Modafinil is listed as a "Abgabekategorie B" pharmaceutical, which requires a prescription.{{citation needed}}
 *'''United Kingdom:''' Modafinil is a licensed prescription-only medicine (POM) in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con273748.pdf|title = MHRA license for Modafinil in UK|date = April 3, 2013|author = MHRA|publisher = MHRA}}</ref> It is not a criminal offence to possess this medicine without a valid prescription. This medicine can legally be obtained with a valid prescription or through legal import of the medicine for personal use as outlined in Section 13 of the Medicines Act 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/67/section/13|title = Medicines Act 1968 Section 13}}</ref>