Creatine: Difference between revisions

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There are no clinically significant side-effects of creatine supplementation acutely. Numerous trials have been conducted in humans with varying dosages, and the side-effects have been limited to gastrointestinal distress (from too much creatine consumption at once) and cramping (from insufficient hydration).

Studies that use a dosage range typical of creatine supplementation (in the range of 5g a day following an acute loading period) note increases to total body water of 6.2% (3.74lbs) over nine weeks, 1.1kg over 42 days,<ref>Francaux, M., & Poortmans, J. R. (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(2), 165–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575</ref>. This effect may be responsible for creatine's capability to increase perceived body weight.

Studies that use a dosage range typical of creatine supplementation (in the range of 5g a day following an acute loading period) note increases to total body water of 6.2% (3.74lbs) over nine weeks, and 1.1kg (2.42 lbs) over 42 days,<ref>Francaux, M., & Poortmans, J. R. (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(2), 165–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575</ref>. This effect may be responsible for creatine's capability to increase perceived body weight.

Regardless, it is strongly recommended that one is familiar with [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using creatine.

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==Literature==

* M’Swiney, B. A. (1915). Creatine and creatinine. The Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 140(3), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02964439

* Francaux, M., & Poortmans, J. R. (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(2), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575

*M’Swiney, B. A. (1915). Creatine and creatinine. The Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 140(3), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02964439

* Persky, a M., & Brazeau, G. a. (2001). Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate. Pharmacological Reviews, 53(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev1

*Francaux, M., & Poortmans, J. R. (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(2), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575

* Metzl, J. D., Small, E., Levine, S. R., & Gershel, J. C. (2001). Creatine Use Among Young Athletes. PEDIATRICS, 108(2), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.2.421

*Persky, a M., & Brazeau, G. a. (2001). Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate. Pharmacological Reviews, 53(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev1

* Brosnan, J. T., & Brosnan, M. E. (2007). Creatine: endogenous metabolite, dietary, and therapeutic supplement. Annual Review of Nutrition, 27(December), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093621

*Metzl, J. D., Small, E., Levine, S. R., & Gershel, J. C. (2001). Creatine Use Among Young Athletes. PEDIATRICS, 108(2), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.2.421

* Hezave, A. Z., Aftab, S., & Esmaeilzadeh, F. (2010). Micronization of creatine monohydrate via Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS). Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 55(1), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.009

*Brosnan, J. T., & Brosnan, M. E. (2007). Creatine: endogenous metabolite, dietary, and therapeutic supplement. Annual Review of Nutrition, 27(December), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093621

* Béard, E., & Braissant, O. (2010). Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: Importance for cerebral functions. Journal of Neurochemistry, 115(2), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x

*Hezave, A. Z., Aftab, S., & Esmaeilzadeh, F. (2010). Micronization of creatine monohydrate via Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS). Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 55(1), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.009

* Nasrallah, F., Feki, M., & Kaabachi, N. (2010). Creatine and Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Pediatric Neurology, 42(3), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.015

*Béard, E., & Braissant, O. (2010). Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: Importance for cerebral functions. Journal of Neurochemistry, 115(2), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x

* Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2010). Caffeine and Creatine Use in Sport. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 57(s2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322696

*Nasrallah, F., Feki, M., & Kaabachi, N. (2010). Creatine and Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Pediatric Neurology, 42(3), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.015

* Sahlin, K., & Harris, R. C. (2011). The creatine kinase reaction: a simple reaction with functional complexity. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1363–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0856-8

*Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2010). Caffeine and Creatine Use in Sport. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 57(s2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322696

* Beal, M. F. (2011). Neuroprotective effects of creatine. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1305–1313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0851-0

*Sahlin, K., & Harris, R. C. (2011). The creatine kinase reaction: a simple reaction with functional complexity. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1363–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0856-8

* Turner, C. E., & Gant, N. (2014). The Biochemistry of Creatine. In Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (pp. 91–103). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-401688-0.00007-0

*Beal, M. F. (2011). Neuroprotective effects of creatine. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1305–1313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0851-0

*Turner, C. E., & Gant, N. (2014). The Biochemistry of Creatine. In Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (pp. 91–103). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-401688-0.00007-0

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Noopept]]

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*[[Modafinil]]

*[[Pramiracetam]]

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine Creatine (Wikipedia)]

*[https://examine.com/supplements/creatine/ Creatine (Examine)]

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 There are no clinically significant side-effects of creatine supplementation acutely. Numerous trials have been conducted in humans with varying dosages, and the side-effects have been limited to gastrointestinal distress (from too much creatine consumption at once) and cramping (from insufficient hydration).
-Studies that use a dosage range typical of creatine supplementation (in the range of 5g a day following an acute loading period) note increases to total body water of 6.2% (3.74lbs) over nine weeks, 1.1kg over 42 days,<ref>Francaux, M., & Poortmans, J. R. (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(2), 165–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575</ref>. This effect may be responsible for creatine's capability to increase perceived body weight.
+Studies that use a dosage range typical of creatine supplementation (in the range of 5g a day following an acute loading period) note increases to total body water of 6.2% (3.74lbs) over nine weeks, and 1.1kg (2.42 lbs) over 42 days,<ref>Francaux, M., & Poortmans, J. R. (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(2), 165–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575</ref>. This effect may be responsible for creatine's capability to increase perceived body weight.
 Regardless, it is strongly recommended that one is familiar with [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using creatine.
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 ==Literature==
-* M’Swiney, B. A. (1915). Creatine and creatinine. The Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 140(3), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02964439
-* Francaux, M., & Poortmans, J. R. (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(2), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575
+*M’Swiney, B. A. (1915). Creatine and creatinine. The Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 140(3), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02964439
-* Persky, a M., & Brazeau, G. a. (2001). Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate. Pharmacological Reviews, 53(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev1
+*Francaux, M., & Poortmans, J. R. (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(2), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575
-* Metzl, J. D., Small, E., Levine, S. R., & Gershel, J. C. (2001). Creatine Use Among Young Athletes. PEDIATRICS, 108(2), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.2.421
+*Persky, a M., & Brazeau, G. a. (2001). Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate. Pharmacological Reviews, 53(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev1
-* Brosnan, J. T., & Brosnan, M. E. (2007). Creatine: endogenous metabolite, dietary, and therapeutic supplement. Annual Review of Nutrition, 27(December), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093621
+*Metzl, J. D., Small, E., Levine, S. R., & Gershel, J. C. (2001). Creatine Use Among Young Athletes. PEDIATRICS, 108(2), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.2.421
-* Hezave, A. Z., Aftab, S., & Esmaeilzadeh, F. (2010). Micronization of creatine monohydrate via Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS). Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 55(1), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.009
+*Brosnan, J. T., & Brosnan, M. E. (2007). Creatine: endogenous metabolite, dietary, and therapeutic supplement. Annual Review of Nutrition, 27(December), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093621
-* Béard, E., & Braissant, O. (2010). Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: Importance for cerebral functions. Journal of Neurochemistry, 115(2), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x
+*Hezave, A. Z., Aftab, S., & Esmaeilzadeh, F. (2010). Micronization of creatine monohydrate via Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS). Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 55(1), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.009
-* Nasrallah, F., Feki, M., & Kaabachi, N. (2010). Creatine and Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Pediatric Neurology, 42(3), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.015
+*Béard, E., & Braissant, O. (2010). Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: Importance for cerebral functions. Journal of Neurochemistry, 115(2), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x
-* Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2010). Caffeine and Creatine Use in Sport. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 57(s2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322696
+*Nasrallah, F., Feki, M., & Kaabachi, N. (2010). Creatine and Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Pediatric Neurology, 42(3), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.015
-* Sahlin, K., & Harris, R. C. (2011). The creatine kinase reaction: a simple reaction with functional complexity. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1363–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0856-8
+*Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2010). Caffeine and Creatine Use in Sport. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 57(s2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322696
-* Beal, M. F. (2011). Neuroprotective effects of creatine. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1305–1313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0851-0
+*Sahlin, K., & Harris, R. C. (2011). The creatine kinase reaction: a simple reaction with functional complexity. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1363–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0856-8
-* Turner, C. E., & Gant, N. (2014). The Biochemistry of Creatine. In Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (pp. 91–103). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-401688-0.00007-0
+*Beal, M. F. (2011). Neuroprotective effects of creatine. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1305–1313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0851-0
+*Turner, C. E., & Gant, N. (2014). The Biochemistry of Creatine. In Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (pp. 91–103). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-401688-0.00007-0
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Noopept]]
@@ Line 91: / Line 93: @@
 *[[Modafinil]]
 *[[Pramiracetam]]
 ==External links==
 *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine Creatine (Wikipedia)]
 *[https://examine.com/supplements/creatine/ Creatine (Examine)]