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2C-B: Difference between revisions
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{{pharmacology}} | {{pharmacology}} | ||
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | {{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | ||
Unlike most [[psychedelic]]s, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy [[serotonin]] 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]]<ref>Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5- | Unlike most [[psychedelic]]s, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy [[serotonin]] 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]]<ref name="Moya2007">{{cite journal|title=Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)<sub>2A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> Receptors|first1=P. R.|last1=Moya|first2=K. A.|last2=Berg|first3=M. A.|last3=Gutiérrez-Hernandez|first4=P.|last4=Sáez-Briones|first5=M.|last5=Reyes-Parada|first6=B. K.|last6=Cassels|first7=W. P.|last7=Clarke|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|year=2007|volume=321|issue=3|pages=1054-1061|doi=10.1124/jpet.106.117507|issn=0022-3565|eissn=1521-0103|oclc=1606914|pmid=17337633}}</ref> or even full [[antagonist]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5‐HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes|volume=141|issue=7|year=2004|pages=1167-1174|first1=C. A.|last1=Villalobos|first2=P.|last2=Bull|first3=P.|last3=Sáez|first4=B. K.|last4=Cassels|first5=J. P.|last5=Huidobro‐Toro|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722|pmc=1574890|pmid=15006903|doi-access=free|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|eissn=1476-5381|issn=0007-1188|oclc=01240522}}</ref> This suggests that the 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B.<ref name="Moya2007"/> Research also suggests that 2C-B increases [[dopamine]] levels in the brains of rats which may contribute to its psychoactivity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Páleníček|first1=T.|last2=Fujáková|first2=M.|last3=Brunovský|first3=M.|first4=J.|last4=Horáček|first5=I.|last5=Gorman|first6=M.|last6=Balíková|first7=L.|last7=Rambousek|first8=K.|last8=Syslová|first9=P.|last9=Kačer|first10=P.|last10=Zach|first11=V.|last11=Bubeníková-Valešová|first12=F.|last12=Tylš|first13=A.|last13=Kubešová|first14=J.|last14=Puskarčíková|first15=C.|last15=Höschl|title=Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=225|pages=75–93|year=2013|doi=10.1007/s00213-012-2797-7|pmid=22842791|issn=0033-3158|eissn=1432-2072|oclc=2409222}}</ref> | ||
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
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*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and corresponding [[confusion]] which can develop into [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]]. | *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and corresponding [[confusion]] which can develop into [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]]. | ||
*'''[[Nitrous]]''' - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an [[ego death|"ego death"]] state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs is very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to [[compulsive redosing|compulsively redose]]. | *'''[[Nitrous]]''' - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an [[ego death|"ego death"]] state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs is very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to [[compulsive redosing|compulsively redose]]. | ||
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - When combined with MDMA, the physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B become strongly amplified. The visual, physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B are also intensified with strong sensations of euphoric pleasure manifested through distinct body highs and headspaces, and uniquely colorful visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is best to start with markedly lower dosages than one would take for both substances individually. This combination may increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA based on its similarity to LSD, which has been found to increase MDMA neurotoxicity.<ref>Armstrong | *'''[[MDMA]]''' - When combined with MDMA, the physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B become strongly amplified. The visual, physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B are also intensified with strong sensations of euphoric pleasure manifested through distinct body highs and headspaces, and uniquely colorful visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is best to start with markedly lower dosages than one would take for both substances individually. This combination may increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA based on its similarity to LSD, which has been found to increase MDMA neurotoxicity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=B. D.|last2=Paik|first2=E.|last3=Chhith|first3=S.|last4=Lelievre|first4=V.|last5=Waschek|first5=J. A.|last6=Howard|first6=S. G.|date=October 26, 2004|title=Potentiation of (DL)‐3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptior partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939|journal=Neuroscience Research Communications|volume=35|issue=2|pages=83-95|doi=10.1002/nrc.20023|eissn=1520-6769}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B which lends to its use in recreational settings. It can be used in light doses to "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a fashion somewhat similar to benzodiazepines. However, this is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause [[dehydration]] and [[nausea]] and [[physical fatigue]] which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. Heavy drinking is strongly discouraged as it can easily lead to black outs and unpredictable behavior. | *'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B which lends to its use in recreational settings. It can be used in light doses to "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a fashion somewhat similar to benzodiazepines. However, this is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause [[dehydration]] and [[nausea]] and [[physical fatigue]] which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. Heavy drinking is strongly discouraged as it can easily lead to black outs and unpredictable behavior. | ||
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Benzodiazepines can, depending on the dosage, slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical and visual effects of a 2C-B trip. They are very efficient at stopping [[bad trip|"bad trips"]] at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to their very high abuse and addiction potential. | *'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Benzodiazepines can, depending on the dosage, slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical and visual effects of a 2C-B trip. They are very efficient at stopping [[bad trip|"bad trips"]] at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to their very high abuse and addiction potential. | ||
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===Neurotoxicity=== | ===Neurotoxicity=== | ||
2C-B at normal doses is unlikely to be neurotoxic.<ref>Hondebrink | 2C-B at normal doses is unlikely to be neurotoxic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hondebrink|first1=L.|first2=A.|last2=Zwartsen|first3=R. H. S.|last3=Westerink|title=Effect fingerprinting of new psychoactive substances (NPS): What can we learn from in vitro data?|journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics|issn=0163-7258|eissn=1879-016X|oclc=04981366|volume=182|year=2018|pages=193-224|doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.022|doi-access=free|pmid=29097307|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817302723}}</ref> Through rough extrapolations of data from rat cortical cultures, the IC<sub>50</sub> of neuronal activity may result from a dose of at least a 330-650mg.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zwartsen|first1=A.|first2=L.|last2=Hondebrink|first3=R. H. S.|last3=Westerink|title=Neurotoxicity screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS): Effects on neuronal activity in rat cortical cultures using microelectrode arrays (MEA)|journal=NeuroToxicology|volume=66|year=2018|pages=87-97|issn=0161-813X|oclc=47153737|pmid=29572046|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.007}}</ref> In other words, users should avoid a dose that large in order to avoid long term damage, but typical doses should be well within a safe range. | ||
===Cardiac risk=== | ===Cardiac risk=== | ||
Users have reported experience hypertension, hyperthermia and tachycardia at higher doses.<ref> | Users have reported experience hypertension, hyperthermia and tachycardia at higher doses.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Acute Pharmacological Effects of 2C-B in Humans: An Observational Study|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|volume=9|page=206|year=2018|doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00206|pmc=5859368|pmid=29593537|issn=1663-9812|doi-access=free|first1=E.|last1=Papaseit|first2=M.|last2=Farré|first3=C.|last3=Pérez-Mañá|first4=M.|last4=Torrens|first5=M.|last5=Ventura|first6=M.|last6=Pujadas|first7=R.|last7=de la Torre|first8=D.|last8=González|oclc=1198838203}}</ref> As such, those with pre-existing heart conditions should avoid using 2C-B, and users monitor their temperature and heart-rate and respond accordingly. Heavy physical exertion while on 2C-B is discouraged. | ||
===Lethal dosage=== | ===Lethal dosage=== | ||
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==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
Internationally, 2C-B was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II substance on March 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_2001-03-20_1.html|title=Inclusion of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C -B)|publisher=UNODC|access-date=December 10, 2019| | Internationally, 2C-B was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II substance on March 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_2001-03-20_1.html|title=Inclusion of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C -B) in Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)|date=March 20, 2001|access-date=December 10, 2019|id=CND Dec.44/1.}}</ref> | ||
*'''Argentina''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cicad.oas.org/fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/AR/decreto_299.pdf|title=Decreto 299/2010 Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737.|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> | *'''Argentina''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cicad.oas.org/fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/AR/decreto_299.pdf|title=Decreto 299/2010 Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737.|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> | ||