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2C-B: Difference between revisions
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2C-B is the most well-known member of the [[2C-x family]] of psychedelic phenethylamines, which are closely related to the classical psychedelic [[mescaline]]. It is thought to produce its psychoactive effects by activating [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] in parts of the brain, although the precise mechanism is not fully understood. | 2C-B is the most well-known member of the [[2C-x family]] of psychedelic phenethylamines, which are closely related to the classical psychedelic [[mescaline]]. It is thought to produce its psychoactive effects by activating [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] in parts of the brain, although the precise mechanism is not fully understood. | ||
2C-B was first discovered in 1974 by the American chemist [[Alexander Shulgin]], who documented its synthesis and subjective effects in his 1991 book [[PiHKAL]] ("Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved").<ref name=" | 2C-B was first discovered in 1974 by the American chemist [[Alexander Shulgin]], who documented its synthesis and subjective effects in his 1991 book [[PiHKAL]] ("Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved").<ref name="PiHKAL">{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|title-link=PiHKAL|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|chapter-url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml|chapter=#20. 2C-B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shulgin|first1=A. T.|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|last2=Carter|first2=M. F.|title=Centrally active phenethylamines|journal=Psychopharmacology Communications|year=1975|volume=1|issue=1|pages=93–98|pmid=1223994|issn=0098-616X|oclc=924603662}}</ref> | ||
In the 1970s, it was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States and was considered one of the best substances for this purpose due to its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature.<ref>{{cite web|title=2C-B: Effects|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_effects.shtml|publisher=Erowid|access-date=February 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2015|date=February 12, 1998}}</ref> | |||
In the 1970s, it was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States and was considered one of the best substances for this purpose due to its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature.<ref> | It entered into recreational use shortly afterwards and was manufactured and sold commercially under names such as "Eros" and "Nexus" in head/smart shops and adult video stores before becoming federally prohibited by the DEA in 1995.<ref name="DEA2001">{{cite web|title=2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene|url=http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf|work=Information Bulletin|date=May 2001|publisher=Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)|id=2001-L0424-002}}</ref> | ||
It entered into recreational use shortly afterwards and was manufactured and sold commercially under names such as "Eros" and "Nexus" in head/smart shops and adult video stores before becoming federally prohibited by the DEA in 1995.<ref>2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene | http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf</ref> | |||
[[Subjective effects]] include [[geometry|open and closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. User reports typically describe the effects of 2C-B as moderate, warm, and highly sensual. It is usually described as having a less serious or grandiose headspace than [[LSD]] or [[psilocybin mushrooms]], with a greater emphasis on visual and tactile effects. Smaller doses can be used as a sensory and aesthetic enhancer (in a manner somewhat similar to [[MDMA]]) while larger doses produce a distinct classical psychedelic effect. | [[Subjective effects]] include [[geometry|open and closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. User reports typically describe the effects of 2C-B as moderate, warm, and highly sensual. It is usually described as having a less serious or grandiose headspace than [[LSD]] or [[psilocybin mushrooms]], with a greater emphasis on visual and tactile effects. Smaller doses can be used as a sensory and aesthetic enhancer (in a manner somewhat similar to [[MDMA]]) while larger doses produce a distinct classical psychedelic effect. | ||
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==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was in search of novel psychedelic compounds based on the chemical structure of mescaline. His findings were later published in his 1991 book [[PiHKAL]], in which it was listed among the "magical half-dozen" of [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamines]] that he deemed most important.<ref | 2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was in search of novel psychedelic compounds based on the chemical structure of mescaline. His findings were later published in his 1991 book [[PiHKAL]], in which it was listed among the "magical half-dozen" of [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamines]] that he deemed most important.<ref name="PiHKAL"/> The list consists of [[mescaline]], [[DOM]], [[2C-B]], [[2C-E]], [[2C-T-2]], and [[2C-T-7]].<ref>{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml}}</ref> In interviews, Alexander Shulgin repeatedly declared it his favorite psychedelic trip.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/self-experimenter-chemist-explores-new-psychedelics/|title=Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a Time|author=David Biello|date=March 20, 2008|issn=0036-8733|eissn=1946-7087|magazine=Scientific American|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> | ||
In the 1970s, 2C-B was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported that it created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients, helping to break down their ego defenses and inner resistances and allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories.<ref>http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/2c-b-nexus</ref> The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side effects and short duration, were found to be desirable traits for a therapeutic setting. | In the 1970s, 2C-B was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported that it created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients, helping to break down their ego defenses and inner resistances and allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/2c-b-nexus|title=2C-B (Nexus)|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side effects and short duration, were found to be desirable traits for a therapeutic setting. | ||
Shortly after gaining traction in the underground psychotherapy community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. 2C-B was well-liked as a [[MDMA]] substitute in raves and parties due to its minimal comedown and a clear, euphoric headspace. In the 1980s and early 1990s, several foreign companies legitimately manufactured 2C-B under the brand names "Nexus", "Erox", and "Performax" and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The DEA reported its distribution in Miami, Florida as yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.{{citation needed}} | Shortly after gaining traction in the underground psychotherapy community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. 2C-B was well-liked as a [[MDMA]] substitute in raves and parties due to its minimal comedown and a clear, euphoric headspace. In the 1980s and early 1990s, several foreign companies legitimately manufactured 2C-B under the brand names "Nexus", "Erox", and "Performax" and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The DEA reported its distribution in Miami, Florida as yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.{{citation needed}} | ||
In the United States, 2C-B gained popularity as an alternative to MDMA following its classification as a Schedule I substance in 1985. Its increasing popularity led it to be placed in Schedule I in 1995.<ref | In the United States, 2C-B gained popularity as an alternative to MDMA following its classification as a Schedule I substance in 1985. Its increasing popularity led it to be placed in Schedule I in 1995.<ref name="DEA2001"/> It saw a resurgence in interest in the 2000s, with the advent of the research chemicals scene and darknet markets. | ||
2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title= | 2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title=History of Nexus|website=Tacethno.com|date=March 27, 2008|access-date=May 15, 2012}}{{Dubious}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml|title=The Nexus Factor: An Introduction to 2C-B|publisher=Erowid|author="Anu"|date=February 1996|access-date=October 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/ubulawu_pack.jpg|title=Ubulawu Nomathotholo Package|publisher=Erowid|year=2002|medium=Picture}}</ref> | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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2C-B, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, is a [[substituted phenethylamine]]. Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-B possesses methoxy functional groups CH<sub>3</sub>O- attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring. | 2C-B, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, is a [[substituted phenethylamine]]. Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-B possesses methoxy functional groups CH<sub>3</sub>O- attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring. | ||
2C-B belongs to the [[2C-x|2C family]] of phenethylamines, all of which possess methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.<ref | 2C-B belongs to the [[2C-x|2C family]] of phenethylamines, all of which possess methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.<ref name="PiHKAL"/> | ||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
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===Lethal dosage=== | ===Lethal dosage=== | ||
There is no current data for the LD<sub>50</sub> of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. [[Alexander Shulgin]] reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm.<ref | There is no current data for the LD<sub>50</sub> of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. [[Alexander Shulgin]] reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm.<ref name="PiHKAL"/> | ||
===Dependence and abuse potential=== | ===Dependence and abuse potential=== | ||