Pattern recognition enhancement: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Faceincloud.jpg|thumbnail|300px|'''Face in a cloud''' by '''[http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-10/14/pareidolic-robot Neil Usher]''' - This image serves as an example of [[pattern recognition enhancement]].]]

'''Pattern recognition enhancement''' is defined as an increase in a person's ability and tendency to recognize patterns ~~(usually faces)~~ within vague stimuli.

'''Pattern recognition enhancement''' is defined as an increase in a person's ability and tendency to recognize patterns within vague stimuli.

~~This~~ innate ability which ~~human beings~~ possess in everyday life is ~~referred to by the~~ scientific literature as pareidolia ~~and is a well documented phenomenon~~.<ref name="LiuLi2014">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Jiangang|last2=Li|first2=Jun|last3=Feng|first3=Lu|last4=Li|first4=Ling|last5=Tian|first5=Jie|last6=Lee|first6=Kang|title=Seeing Jesus in toast: Neural and behavioral correlates of face pareidolia|journal=Cortex|volume=53|year=2014|pages=60–77|issn=00109452|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.013}}</ref><ref name="HadjikhaniKato2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hadjikhani|first1=Nouchine|last2=Kato|first2=Masaharu|last3=Mugitani|first3=Ryoko|title=Pareidolia in Infants|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|year=2015|pages=e0118539|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118539}}</ref><ref>Coolidge, F. L., & Coolidge, M. L. (2016, August 09). Why People See Faces When There Are None: Pareidolia. Retrieved February 21, 2018, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/how-think-neandertal/201608/why-people-see-faces-when-there-are-none-pareidolia</ref> Common examples of this include spotting faces in ~~everyday objects, such as~~ the front of a car, or seeing different objects in clouds.<ref name="Abraham1983">{{cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry David|title=Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=40|issue=8|year=1983|pages=884|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009}}</ref>

Seeing patterns resemble human faces is an innate ability which humans possess in everyday life and is well documented in scientific literature under the term ''pareidolia''.<ref name="LiuLi2014">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Jiangang|last2=Li|first2=Jun|last3=Feng|first3=Lu|last4=Li|first4=Ling|last5=Tian|first5=Jie|last6=Lee|first6=Kang|title=Seeing Jesus in toast: Neural and behavioral correlates of face pareidolia|journal=Cortex|volume=53|year=2014|pages=60–77|issn=00109452|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.013}}</ref><ref name="HadjikhaniKato2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hadjikhani|first1=Nouchine|last2=Kato|first2=Masaharu|last3=Mugitani|first3=Ryoko|title=Pareidolia in Infants|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|year=2015|pages=e0118539|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118539}}</ref><ref>Coolidge, F. L., & Coolidge, M. L. (2016, August 09). Why People See Faces When There Are None: Pareidolia. Retrieved February 21, 2018, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/how-think-neandertal/201608/why-people-see-faces-when-there-are-none-pareidolia</ref> Common examples of this include spotting faces in the front of a car, or seeing different objects in clouds.<ref name="Abraham1983">{{cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry David|title=Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=40|issue=8|year=1983|pages=884|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009}}</ref>

During this effect, ~~pareidolia~~ can be significantly more pronounced than it would usually be during a sober state.<ref name="Halberstadt2015">{{cite journal|last1=Halberstadt|first1=Adam L.|title=Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=277|year=2015|pages=99–120|issn=01664328|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016}}</ref> For example, remarkably detailed images may appear embedded in scenery, everyday objects may look like faces, and clouds may appear as fantastical objects, all without any visual alterations taking place. Once an image has been perceived within an object or landscape, the mind may further exaggerate this recognition through the [[hallucinatory states|hallucinatory effect]] known as [[transformations]], which goes beyond pareidolia and becomes a standard visual hallucination.

During this effect, patterns can be significantly more pronounced than it would usually be during a sober state.<ref name="BelserAgin-Liebes2017">{{cite journal|last1=Belser|first1=Alexander B.|last2=Agin-Liebes|first2=Gabrielle|last3=Swift|first3=T. Cody|last4=Terrana|first4=Sara|last5=Devenot|first5=Neşe|last6=Friedman|first6=Harris L.|last7=Guss|first7=Jeffrey|last8=Bossis|first8=Anthony|last9=Ross|first9=Stephen|title=Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis|journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology|volume=57|issue=4|year=2017|pages=354–388|issn=0022-1678|doi=10.1177/0022167817706884}}</ref><ref name="Halberstadt2015">{{cite journal|last1=Halberstadt|first1=Adam L.|title=Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=277|year=2015|pages=99–120|issn=01664328|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016}}</ref> For example, remarkably detailed images may appear embedded in scenery, everyday objects may look like faces, and clouds may appear as fantastical objects all without any visual alterations taking place. Once an image has been perceived within an object or landscape, the mind may further exaggerate this recognition through the [[hallucinatory states|hallucinatory effect]] known as [[transformations]], which goes beyond pareidolia and becomes a standard visual hallucination.

Pattern recognition enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[acuity enhancement]] and [[colour enhancement]].<ref name="PapoutsisNikolaou2014">{{cite journal|last1=Papoutsis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Nikolaou|first2=Panagiota|last3=Stefanidou|first3=Maria|last4=Spiliopoulou|first4=Chara|last5=Athanaselis|first5=Sotiris|title=25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers|journal=Forensic Toxicology|volume=33|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1–11|issn=1860-8965|doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9}}</ref><ref name="BersaniCorazza2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bersani|first1=Francesco Saverio|last2=Corazza|first2=Ornella|last3=Albano|first3=Gabriella|last4=Valeriani|first4=Giuseppe|last5=Santacroce|first5=Rita|last6=Bolzan Mariotti Posocco|first6=Flaminia|last7=Cinosi|first7=Eduardo|last8=Simonato|first8=Pierluigi|last9=Martinotti|first9=Giovanni|last10=Bersani|first10=Giuseppe|last11=Schifano|first11=Fabrizio|title=25C-NBOMe: Preliminary Data on Pharmacology, Psychoactive Effects, and Toxicity of a New Potent and Dangerous Hallucinogenic Drug|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–6|issn=2314-6133|doi=10.1155/2014/734749}}</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#mild|mild]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].

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 <onlyinclude>
 [[File:Faceincloud.jpg|thumbnail|300px|'''Face in a cloud''' by '''[http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-10/14/pareidolic-robot Neil Usher]''' - This image serves as an example of [[pattern recognition enhancement]].]]
-'''Pattern recognition enhancement''' is defined as an increase in a person's ability and tendency to recognize patterns (usually faces) within vague stimuli.
+'''Pattern recognition enhancement''' is defined as an increase in a person's ability and tendency to recognize patterns within vague stimuli.
-This innate ability which human beings possess in everyday life is referred to by the scientific literature as pareidolia and is a well documented phenomenon.<ref name="LiuLi2014">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Jiangang|last2=Li|first2=Jun|last3=Feng|first3=Lu|last4=Li|first4=Ling|last5=Tian|first5=Jie|last6=Lee|first6=Kang|title=Seeing Jesus in toast: Neural and behavioral correlates of face pareidolia|journal=Cortex|volume=53|year=2014|pages=60–77|issn=00109452|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.013}}</ref><ref name="HadjikhaniKato2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hadjikhani|first1=Nouchine|last2=Kato|first2=Masaharu|last3=Mugitani|first3=Ryoko|title=Pareidolia in Infants|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|year=2015|pages=e0118539|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118539}}</ref><ref>Coolidge, F. L., & Coolidge, M. L. (2016, August 09). Why People See Faces When There Are None: Pareidolia. Retrieved February 21, 2018, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/how-think-neandertal/201608/why-people-see-faces-when-there-are-none-pareidolia</ref> Common examples of this include spotting faces in everyday objects, such as the front of a car, or seeing different objects in clouds.<ref name="Abraham1983">{{cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry David|title=Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=40|issue=8|year=1983|pages=884|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009}}</ref>
+Seeing patterns resemble human faces is an innate ability which humans possess in everyday life and is well documented in scientific literature under the term ''pareidolia''.<ref name="LiuLi2014">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Jiangang|last2=Li|first2=Jun|last3=Feng|first3=Lu|last4=Li|first4=Ling|last5=Tian|first5=Jie|last6=Lee|first6=Kang|title=Seeing Jesus in toast: Neural and behavioral correlates of face pareidolia|journal=Cortex|volume=53|year=2014|pages=60–77|issn=00109452|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.013}}</ref><ref name="HadjikhaniKato2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hadjikhani|first1=Nouchine|last2=Kato|first2=Masaharu|last3=Mugitani|first3=Ryoko|title=Pareidolia in Infants|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|year=2015|pages=e0118539|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118539}}</ref><ref>Coolidge, F. L., & Coolidge, M. L. (2016, August 09). Why People See Faces When There Are None: Pareidolia. Retrieved February 21, 2018, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/how-think-neandertal/201608/why-people-see-faces-when-there-are-none-pareidolia</ref> Common examples of this include spotting faces in the front of a car, or seeing different objects in clouds.<ref name="Abraham1983">{{cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry David|title=Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=40|issue=8|year=1983|pages=884|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009}}</ref>
-During this effect, pareidolia can be significantly more pronounced than it would usually be during a sober state.<ref name="Halberstadt2015">{{cite journal|last1=Halberstadt|first1=Adam L.|title=Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=277|year=2015|pages=99–120|issn=01664328|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016}}</ref> For example, remarkably detailed images may appear embedded in scenery, everyday objects may look like faces, and clouds may appear as fantastical objects, all without any visual alterations taking place. Once an image has been perceived within an object or landscape, the mind may further exaggerate this recognition through the [[hallucinatory states|hallucinatory effect]] known as [[transformations]], which goes beyond pareidolia and becomes a standard visual hallucination.
+During this effect, patterns can be significantly more pronounced than it would usually be during a sober state.<ref name="BelserAgin-Liebes2017">{{cite journal|last1=Belser|first1=Alexander B.|last2=Agin-Liebes|first2=Gabrielle|last3=Swift|first3=T. Cody|last4=Terrana|first4=Sara|last5=Devenot|first5=Neşe|last6=Friedman|first6=Harris L.|last7=Guss|first7=Jeffrey|last8=Bossis|first8=Anthony|last9=Ross|first9=Stephen|title=Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis|journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology|volume=57|issue=4|year=2017|pages=354–388|issn=0022-1678|doi=10.1177/0022167817706884}}</ref><ref name="Halberstadt2015">{{cite journal|last1=Halberstadt|first1=Adam L.|title=Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=277|year=2015|pages=99–120|issn=01664328|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016}}</ref> For example, remarkably detailed images may appear embedded in scenery, everyday objects may look like faces, and clouds may appear as fantastical objects all without any visual alterations taking place. Once an image has been perceived within an object or landscape, the mind may further exaggerate this recognition through the [[hallucinatory states|hallucinatory effect]] known as [[transformations]], which goes beyond pareidolia and becomes a standard visual hallucination.
 Pattern recognition enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[acuity enhancement]] and [[colour enhancement]].<ref name="PapoutsisNikolaou2014">{{cite journal|last1=Papoutsis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Nikolaou|first2=Panagiota|last3=Stefanidou|first3=Maria|last4=Spiliopoulou|first4=Chara|last5=Athanaselis|first5=Sotiris|title=25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers|journal=Forensic Toxicology|volume=33|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1–11|issn=1860-8965|doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9}}</ref><ref name="BersaniCorazza2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bersani|first1=Francesco Saverio|last2=Corazza|first2=Ornella|last3=Albano|first3=Gabriella|last4=Valeriani|first4=Giuseppe|last5=Santacroce|first5=Rita|last6=Bolzan Mariotti Posocco|first6=Flaminia|last7=Cinosi|first7=Eduardo|last8=Simonato|first8=Pierluigi|last9=Martinotti|first9=Giovanni|last10=Bersani|first10=Giuseppe|last11=Schifano|first11=Fabrizio|title=25C-NBOMe: Preliminary Data on Pharmacology, Psychoactive Effects, and Toxicity of a New Potent and Dangerous Hallucinogenic Drug|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–6|issn=2314-6133|doi=10.1155/2014/734749}}</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#mild|mild]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].