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Methamphetamine: Difference between revisions
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*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Sleep paralysis]]''' - Some users note sleep paralysis after consuming methamphetamine. | *'''[[Effect::Sleep paralysis]]''' - Some users note sleep paralysis after consuming methamphetamine. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Suicidal ideation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Suicidal ideation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]''' | ||
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As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of methamphetamine can be considered [[Addiction potential::extremely addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. | As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of methamphetamine can be considered [[Addiction potential::extremely addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. | ||
Tolerance to the effects of methamphetamine [[Time to full tolerance::rapidly develops with prolonged and repeated use]].<ref>Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996457</ref><ref>http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/special_subjects/drug_use_and_abuse/amphetamines.html</ref> This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Methamphetamine presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[ | Tolerance to the effects of methamphetamine [[Time to full tolerance::rapidly develops with prolonged and repeated use]].<ref>Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996457</ref><ref>http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/special_subjects/drug_use_and_abuse/amphetamines.html</ref> This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Methamphetamine presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[stimulants]]]], meaning that after the consumption of methamphetamine all [[stimulants]] will have a reduced effect. | ||
The evidence on effective treatments for [[amphetamine]] and methamphetamine dependence and abuse is limited.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687171</ref> In light of this, [[fluoxetine]] and [[imipramine]] appear to have some limited benefits in treating abuse and addiction, "no treatment has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence and abuse".<ref>Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687171</ref> | The evidence on effective treatments for [[amphetamine]] and methamphetamine dependence and abuse is limited.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687171</ref> In light of this, [[fluoxetine]] and [[imipramine]] appear to have some limited benefits in treating abuse and addiction, "no treatment has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence and abuse".<ref>Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687171</ref> | ||
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===Psychosis=== | ===Psychosis=== | ||
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}} | {{Main|Stimulant psychosis}} | ||
Abuse of methamphetamine can result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], [[ | Abuse of methamphetamine can result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], [[delusions]]).<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance 1]</ref> A review on treatment for [[amphetamine]], [[dextroamphetamine]], and methamphetamine abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance 1]</ref><ref>Hofmann FG (1983). A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Biomedical Aspects (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 9780195030570.</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref>Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+Saturday%2C+15+March+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+GMT+%2806%3A00-08%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance 1]</ref> Psychosis very rarely arises from therapeutic use.<ref>Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem | http://www.acha.org/prof_dev/ADHD_docs/ADHD_PDprogram_Article2.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf</ref> | ||
===Overdose=== | ===Overdose=== | ||
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===Harm reduction=== | ===Harm reduction=== | ||
Studies have shown that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can block the harmful neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine while preventing neurotransmitter depletion in rats<ref>Effect of antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine on behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in rats after administration of methamphetamine (ScienceDirect) | https://www.docdroid.net/DChH6IC/101016-at-jbrainres200404072.pdf</ref> and clinical trials in humans to treat methamphetamine dependence are currently underway. NAC may be effective for reducing the cravings and psychological dependence as well.<ref>The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence: a double-blind controlled, crossover study. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25556383</ref> NAC has a short half life and a sustained release formulation may be preferred for harm reduction purposes. Selenium has also been shown to protect the brain against meth induced neurotoxicity.<ref>Selenium, an antioxidant, protects against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity (ScienceDirect) | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899398013110</ref> However, it is worth noting that this data is preliminary and may not be applicable to humans. | Studies have shown that [[N-acetylcysteine]] (NAC) can block the harmful neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine while preventing neurotransmitter depletion in rats<ref>Effect of antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine on behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in rats after administration of methamphetamine (ScienceDirect) | https://www.docdroid.net/DChH6IC/101016-at-jbrainres200404072.pdf</ref> and clinical trials in humans to treat methamphetamine dependence are currently underway. NAC may be effective for reducing the cravings and psychological dependence as well.<ref>The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence: a double-blind controlled, crossover study. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25556383</ref> NAC has a short half life and a sustained release formulation may be preferred for harm reduction purposes. Selenium has also been shown to protect the brain against meth induced neurotoxicity.<ref>Selenium, an antioxidant, protects against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity (ScienceDirect) | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899398013110</ref> However, it is worth noting that this data is preliminary and may not be applicable to humans. | ||
===Dangerous interactions=== | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||