Methylphenidate: Difference between revisions

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'''Methylphenidate''' (also known as '''MPH''', '''MPD''', and its brand names '''Ritalin''', '''Concerta''', and '''Methylin''', among others) is [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::~~phenethylamine~~]] class. Methylphenidate is the parent compound of the [[substituted phenidates]], a family of compounds that includes [[ethylphenidate]], [[isopropylphenidate]], and others. It acts primarily by enhancing the activity of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.

'''Methylphenidate''' (also known as '''MPH''', '''MPD''', and its brand names '''Ritalin''', '''Concerta''', and '''Methylin''', among others) is [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenidate]] class. Methylphenidate is the parent compound of the [[substituted phenidates]], a family of compounds that includes [[ethylphenidate]], [[isopropylphenidate]], and others. It acts primarily by enhancing the activity of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.

Methylphenidate was first licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1955 for treating what was then known as "hyperactivity." Although it was prescribed to patients as early as 1960, it only became heavily prescribed in the 1990s when the diagnosis of ADHD itself became more widely accepted.<ref>Diller, Lawrence (1999). Running on Ritalin. ISBN 978-0553379068.</ref><ref>The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000907/</ref>

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==Chemistry==

Methylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the substituted phenethylamine ~~class~~. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (-NH2) group through an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to amphetamine, featuring a substitution at Rα which is incorporated into a piperidine ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains a methyl acetate bound to R2 or its structure.

Methylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the [[substituted phenethylamine]] and [[substituted phenidate]] classes. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (-NH2) group through an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to [[amphetamine]], featuring a substitution at Rα which is incorporated into a [[piperidine]] ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains a methyl acetate bound to R2 or its structure.

Methylphenidate is a chiral compound, presumably produced as a racemic mixture. It has an enantiopure also sold as a pharmaceutical; the dextrorotary enantiopure is known as "'''dexmethylphenidate'''" and is commonly sold as '''Focalin''' and '''Focalin XR'''.

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 {{SubstanceBox/Methylphenidate}}
-'''Methylphenidate''' (also known as '''MPH''', '''MPD''', and its brand names '''Ritalin''', '''Concerta''', and '''Methylin''', among others) is [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. Methylphenidate is the parent compound of the [[substituted phenidates]], a family of compounds that includes [[ethylphenidate]], [[isopropylphenidate]], and others. It acts primarily by enhancing the activity of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.
+'''Methylphenidate''' (also known as '''MPH''', '''MPD''', and its brand names '''Ritalin''', '''Concerta''', and '''Methylin''', among others) is [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenidate]] class. Methylphenidate is the parent compound of the [[substituted phenidates]], a family of compounds that includes [[ethylphenidate]], [[isopropylphenidate]], and others. It acts primarily by enhancing the activity of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.
 Methylphenidate was first licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1955 for treating what was then known as "hyperactivity." Although it was prescribed to patients as early as 1960, it only became heavily prescribed in the 1990s when the diagnosis of ADHD itself became more widely accepted.<ref>Diller, Lawrence (1999). Running on Ritalin. ISBN 978-0553379068.</ref><ref>The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000907/</ref>
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 ==Chemistry==
-Methylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the substituted phenethylamine class. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (-NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to amphetamine, featuring a substitution at R<sub>α</sub> which is incorporated into a piperidine ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains a methyl acetate bound to R<sub>2</sub> or its structure.
+Methylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the [[substituted phenethylamine]] and [[substituted phenidate]] classes. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (-NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to [[amphetamine]], featuring a substitution at R<sub>α</sub> which is incorporated into a [[piperidine]] ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains a methyl acetate bound to R<sub>2</sub> or its structure.
 Methylphenidate is a chiral compound, presumably produced as a racemic mixture. It has an enantiopure also sold as a pharmaceutical; the dextrorotary enantiopure is known as "'''dexmethylphenidate'''" and is commonly sold as '''Focalin''' and '''Focalin XR'''.