Entactogen: Difference between revisions

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==Etymology==

The term ''empathogen'', meaning "generating a state of empathy", was coined in 1983–84 independently by [[Ralph Metzner]] and [[David E. Nichols]] as a term to denote a therapeutic class of drugs that includes [[MDMA]] and phenethylamine relatives.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holland|first1=edited by Julie|last2=Metzner|first2=Ralph|last3=Adamson|first3=Sophia|title=Ecstasy : the complete guide ; a comprehensive look at the risks and benefits of MDMA|date=2001|publisher=Park Street Press|location=Rochester, Vt|isbn=978-0-89281-857-0|page=182|ref=CompleteGuide}}</ref> Nichols later rejected this initial terminology and adopted, instead, the term ''entactogen'', meaning "touching within", to denote this class of drugs, asserting a concern with the potential for improper association of the term ''empathogen'' with negative connotations related to the Greek root πάθος ''páthos'' ("suffering").<ref name=Nichols86>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D.|title=Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|date=1986|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–13|doi=10.1080/02791072.1986.10472362|pmid=2880944}}</ref> Additionally, Nichols wanted to avoid any association with the term pathogenesis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681|title=Dictionary of Psychology - Oxford Reference~~|language=en~~|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001|year=2015|isbn=9780199657681|last1=Colman|first1=Andrew M.}}</ref>

The term ''empathogen'', meaning "generating a state of empathy", was coined in 1983–84 independently by [[Ralph Metzner]] and [[David E. Nichols]] as a term to denote a therapeutic class of drugs that includes [[MDMA]] and phenethylamine relatives.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holland|first1=edited by Julie|last2=Metzner|first2=Ralph|last3=Adamson|first3=Sophia|title=Ecstasy : the complete guide ; a comprehensive look at the risks and benefits of MDMA|date=2001|publisher=Park Street Press|location=Rochester, Vt|isbn=978-0-89281-857-0|page=182|ref=CompleteGuide}}</ref> Nichols later rejected this initial terminology and adopted, instead, the term ''entactogen'', meaning "touching within", to denote this class of drugs, asserting a concern with the potential for improper association of the term ''empathogen'' with negative connotations related to the Greek root πάθος ''páthos'' ("suffering").<ref name=Nichols86>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D.|title=Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|date=1986|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–13|doi=10.1080/02791072.1986.10472362|pmid=2880944}}</ref> Additionally, Nichols wanted to avoid any association with the term pathogenesis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681|title=Dictionary of Psychology - Oxford Reference|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001|year=2015|isbn=9780199657681|last1=Colman|first1=Andrew M.}}</ref>

Nichols also thought the original term was limiting, and did not cover other therapeutic uses for the drugs that go beyond instilling feelings of empathy.<ref name=Nichols93>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D|last2=Yensen|first2=R|last3=Metzner|first3=R|last4=Shakespeare|first4=W|title=The Great Entactogen - Empathogen Debate|journal=Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies MAPS|date=1993|volume=4|issue=2|pages=47–49|url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v04n2/04247eed.html|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> The hybrid word ''entactogen'' is derived from the roots ''en'' (|within), ''tactus'' (touch) and ''-gen'' (produce).<ref name=Nichols86/> Neither term is dominant in usage, and, despite their difference in connotation, they are essentially interchangeable, as they refer to precisely the same chemicals.

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 ==Etymology==
-The term ''empathogen'', meaning "generating a state of empathy", was coined in 1983–84 independently by [[Ralph Metzner]] and [[David E. Nichols]] as a term to denote a therapeutic class of drugs that includes [[MDMA]] and phenethylamine relatives.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holland|first1=edited by Julie|last2=Metzner|first2=Ralph|last3=Adamson|first3=Sophia|title=Ecstasy : the complete guide ; a comprehensive look at the risks and benefits of MDMA|date=2001|publisher=Park Street Press|location=Rochester, Vt|isbn=978-0-89281-857-0|page=182|ref=CompleteGuide}}</ref> Nichols later rejected this initial terminology and adopted, instead, the term ''entactogen'', meaning "touching within", to denote this class of drugs, asserting a concern with the potential for improper association of the term ''empathogen'' with negative connotations related to the Greek root πάθος ''páthos'' ("suffering").<ref name=Nichols86>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D.|title=Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|date=1986|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–13|doi=10.1080/02791072.1986.10472362|pmid=2880944}}<!--|accessdate=6 January 2015--></ref> Additionally, Nichols wanted to avoid any association with the term pathogenesis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681|title=Dictionary of Psychology - Oxford Reference|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001|year=2015|isbn=9780199657681|last1=Colman|first1=Andrew M.}}</ref>
+The term ''empathogen'', meaning "generating a state of empathy", was coined in 1983–84 independently by [[Ralph Metzner]] and [[David E. Nichols]] as a term to denote a therapeutic class of drugs that includes [[MDMA]] and phenethylamine relatives.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holland|first1=edited by Julie|last2=Metzner|first2=Ralph|last3=Adamson|first3=Sophia|title=Ecstasy : the complete guide ; a comprehensive look at the risks and benefits of MDMA|date=2001|publisher=Park Street Press|location=Rochester, Vt|isbn=978-0-89281-857-0|page=182|ref=CompleteGuide}}</ref> Nichols later rejected this initial terminology and adopted, instead, the term ''entactogen'', meaning "touching within", to denote this class of drugs, asserting a concern with the potential for improper association of the term ''empathogen'' with negative connotations related to the Greek root πάθος ''páthos'' ("suffering").<ref name=Nichols86>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D.|title=Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|date=1986|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–13|doi=10.1080/02791072.1986.10472362|pmid=2880944}}<!--|accessdate=6 January 2015--></ref> Additionally, Nichols wanted to avoid any association with the term pathogenesis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681|title=Dictionary of Psychology - Oxford Reference|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001|year=2015|isbn=9780199657681|last1=Colman|first1=Andrew M.}}</ref>
 Nichols also thought the original term was limiting, and did not cover other therapeutic uses for the drugs that go beyond instilling feelings of empathy.<ref name=Nichols93>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D|last2=Yensen|first2=R|last3=Metzner|first3=R|last4=Shakespeare|first4=W|title=The Great Entactogen - Empathogen Debate|journal=Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies MAPS|date=1993|volume=4|issue=2|pages=47–49|url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v04n2/04247eed.html|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> The hybrid word ''entactogen'' is derived from the roots ''en'' (|within), ''tactus'' (touch) and ''-gen'' (produce).<ref name=Nichols86/> Neither term is dominant in usage, and, despite their difference in connotation, they are essentially interchangeable, as they refer to precisely the same chemicals.