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LSA: Difference between revisions

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LSA is chemically related to [[LSD]] and is said to produce similar effects, although the extent to which it does is unclear.
LSA is chemically related to [[LSD]] and is said to produce similar effects, although the extent to which it does is unclear.


LSA was first described in 1932 as part of an investigation into the alkaloids found in ergot.<ref>Smith, S., & Timmis, G. M. (1932). 98. The alkaloids of ergot. Part III. Ergine, a new base obtained by the degradation of ergotoxine and ergotinine. Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed), 763-766.</ref>  
LSA was first described in 1932 as part of an investigation into the alkaloids found in ergot.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Sydney|last2=Timmis|first2=Geoffrey M.|title=The alkaloids of ergot. Part III. Ergine, a new base obtained by the degradation of ergotoxine and ergotinine|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)|year=1932|issue=98|edition=1932|pages=763-766|doi=10.1039/JR9320000763}}</ref> In 1947, it was synthesized and tested for human activity by [[Albert Hofmann]]. The [[intramuscular]] administration of a 500 microgram dose produced a "tired, dreamy state with an inability to maintain clear thoughts."<ref name="TiKHAL">{{cite book|title=TiHKAL: The Continuation|title-link=TiHKAL|last1=Shulgin|first1=Alexander|last2=Shulgin|first2=Ann|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|year=1997|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0-9630096-9-9|oclc=38503252|chapter-url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal26.shtml|chapter=#26. LSD-25}}</ref>
In 1947, it was synthesized and tested for human activity by [[Albert Hofmann]]. The [[intramuscular]] administration of a 500 microgram dose produced a "tired, dreamy state with an inability to maintain clear thoughts."<ref>#26. LSD-25 (LA-111, ergine, d-lysergamide) - TIHKAL | http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal26.shtml</ref>  
In 1970, LSA was detected as a constituent in Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds, which were being ground up into capsules and sold on the street as "mescaline".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Michael D.|title=Isolation and Identification of Lysergic Acid Amide and Isolysergic Acid Amide as the Principal Ergoline Alkaloids in ''Argyreia nervosa'', a Tropical Wood Rose|journal=Journal of the AOAC|year=1970|volume=53|issue=1|pages=123-128|issn=1060-3271|url=https://chemistry.mdma.ch/hiveboard/rhodium/pdf/forensic/lsa.hbwr.jaoac.pdf}}</ref> Today, LSA is typically consumed via [[LSA#Morning_glory_seeds_.28MGS.29|morning glory]] and [[LSA#Hawaiian_baby_woodrose_seeds_.28HBWR.29|Hawaiian baby woodrose]] seeds.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Borsutzky|first1=M.|last2=Passie|first2=T.|last3=Paetzold|first3=W.|last4=Schneider|first4=U.|title=Hawaiian baby woodrose: (Psycho-) Pharmacological effects of the seeds of Argyreia nervosa. A case-orientated demonstration|journal=Der Nervenarzt|issn=0028-2804|doi=10.1007/s00115-002-1374-4|pmid=12215884|year=2002|volume=73|issue=9|pages=892-896}}</ref>
In 1970, LSA was detected as a constituent in Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds, which were being ground up into capsules and sold on the street as "mescaline".<ref>Miller, M. D. (1970). Isolation and identification of lysergic acid amide and isolysergic acid amide as the principal ergoline alkaloids in Argyreia nervosa, a tropical wood rose. J AOAC, 53(1), 123-128.</ref>  
Today, LSA is typically consumed via [[LSA#Morning_glory_seeds_.28MGS.29|morning glory]] and [[LSA#Hawaiian_baby_woodrose_seeds_.28HBWR.29|Hawaiian baby woodrose]] seeds.<ref>Borsutzky, M., Passie, T., Paetzold, W., Emrich, H. M., & Schneider, U. (2002). Hawaiian baby woodrose:(Psycho-) pharmacological effects of the seeds of Argyreia nervosa. A case-orientated demonstration. Der Nervenarzt, 73(9), 892-896.</ref>


User reports describe the effects of LSA as primarily sedating and dream-like, with a mild to moderate psychedelic component. The psychedelic effects of LSA occur inconsistently and are not directly comparable to the effects of classical psychedelics like [[LSD]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], or [[mescaline]]. LSA is described as primarily bodily and cognitive with little visual effects. Many users report serious [[nausea]] and bodily discomfort ("body load") when taking LSA-containing seeds.  
User reports describe the effects of LSA as primarily sedating and dream-like, with a mild to moderate psychedelic component. The psychedelic effects of LSA occur inconsistently and are not directly comparable to the effects of classical psychedelics like [[LSD]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], or [[mescaline]]. LSA is described as primarily bodily and cognitive with little visual effects. Many users report serious [[nausea]] and bodily discomfort ("body load") when taking LSA-containing seeds.  


Like other psychedelics, LSA is not considered to be addictive.<ref>Lüscher, C., & Ungless, M. A. (2006). The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs, 3(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437</ref> However, adverse reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly among those who are predisposed to psychiatric disorders.<ref>Strassman, R. J. (1984). Adverse Reactions to Psychedelic Drugs: A Review of the Literature. ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', 172(10), 577-595. PMID: 6384428</ref> It is therefore highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.  
Like other psychedelics, LSA is not considered to be addictive.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lüscher|first1=Christian|last2=Ungless|first2=Mark A.|title=The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs|year=2006|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437|pmid=17105338|issn=1549-1277}}</ref> However, adverse reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly among those who are predisposed to psychiatric disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> It is therefore highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.  


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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{{main|Ipomoea tricolor (botany)}}
{{main|Ipomoea tricolor (botany)}}
[[File:Lsa_-_morning_glory_seedsgck.jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Morning glory seeds]]
[[File:Lsa_-_morning_glory_seedsgck.jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Morning glory seeds]]
The seeds of many species of morning glory are known to contain [[lysergamide]] [[alkaloids]] such LSA.<ref>http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1165951</ref> Typical oral doses of morning glory seeds are as follows:
The seeds of many species of morning glory are known to contain [[lysergamide]] [[alkaloids]] such LSA.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ingram Jr.|first1=Albert L.|title=Morning Glory Seed Reaction|year=1964|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1964.03070260045019|volume=190|issue=13|pages=1133–1134}}</ref> Typical oral doses of morning glory seeds are as follows:


*'''Threshold:''' ''[[Oral threshold dose::20]] - 50 seeds / 1.5 g''
*'''Threshold:''' ''[[Oral threshold dose::20]] - 50 seeds / 1.5 g''
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{{main|Argyreia nervosa (botany)}}
{{main|Argyreia nervosa (botany)}}
[[File:Hawaiin_baby_woodrose.jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds]]
[[File:Hawaiin_baby_woodrose.jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds]]
Hawaiian baby woodrose is a perennial climbing vine that is native to the Indian subcontinent and has since been introduced to numerous areas worldwide including Hawaii, Africa and the Caribbean. Its seeds may be consumed for their various [[lysergamide|lysergamide alkaloids]] such as LSA.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073809004745</ref> Typical oral doses for Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds are as follows:
Hawaiian baby woodrose is a perennial climbing vine that is native to the Indian subcontinent and has since been introduced to numerous areas worldwide including Hawaii, Africa and the Caribbean. Its seeds may be consumed for their various [[lysergamide|lysergamide alkaloids]] such as LSA.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klinke|first1=Helene B.|last2=Müller|last3=Steffenrud|first3=S.|last4=Dahl-Sørensen|first4=R.|title=Two cases of lysergamide intoxication by ingestion of seeds from Hawaiian Baby Woodrose|year=2010|journal=Forensic Science International|volume=197|issue=1–3|pages=e1-e5|issn=0379-0738|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017}}</ref> Typical oral doses for Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds are as follows:


*'''Threshold:''' ''[[Sublingual threshold dose::1]] - 3 [[Sublingual dose units::seeds]]''
*'''Threshold:''' ''[[Sublingual threshold dose::1]] - 3 [[Sublingual dose units::seeds]]''
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===Vasoconstriction===
===Vasoconstriction===
LSA should not be used regularly for long periods of time. When used repeatedly over a short period of time, LSA's [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstrictive]] effects build up while the psychoactive effects get weaker. A common sign of vasoconstriction build up can be described as a feeling of painful or uncomfortable legs.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11128853</ref> This happens as a result of an insufficient amount of blood getting to the muscles. The upper leg muscles are the largest, most energy consuming muscles in the body and will feel sore if blood flow to them is lowered even slightly.<ref>http://animalsci.highwire.org/content/84/11/3167.short</ref>
LSA should not be used regularly for long periods of time. When used repeatedly over a short period of time, LSA's [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstrictive]] effects build up while the psychoactive effects get weaker. A common sign of vasoconstriction build up can be described as a feeling of painful or uncomfortable legs.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Iemitsu|first1=M.|last2=Itoh|first2=M.|last3=Fujimoto|first3=T.|last4=Tashiro|first4=M.|last5=Nagatomi|first5=R.|last6=Ohmori|first6=H.|last7=Ishii|first7=K.|journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise|year=2000|title=Whole-body energy mapping under physical exercise using positron emission tomography|volume=32|issue=12|pages=2067-2070|issn=0195-9131|pmid=11128853|doi=10.1097/00005768-200012000-00016}}</ref> This happens as a result of an insufficient amount of blood getting to the muscles. The upper leg muscles are the largest, most energy consuming muscles in the body and will feel sore if blood flow to them is lowered even slightly.


When HBWR, morning glory seeds or pure LSA seeds are consumed and sore legs are experienced, a break has been reported to be helpful. With LSA it can take up to 3 days of abstinence to get back to vasoconstriction baseline.
When HBWR, morning glory seeds or pure LSA seeds are consumed and sore legs are experienced, a break has been reported to be helpful. With LSA it can take up to 3 days of abstinence to get back to vasoconstriction baseline.
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===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
 
{{DangerousInteractions/Psychedelics}}
*'''[[Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold<ref>Talaie, H., Panahandeh, R., Fayaznouri, M. R., Asadi, Z., & Abdollahi, M. (2009). Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol. Journal of medical toxicology, 5(2), 63-67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089</ref> and [[psychedelics]] may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - Stimulants affect many parts of the brain. Combined with psychedelics, stimulation can turn into uncontrollable [[anxiety]], [[Panic attacks|panic]], [[thought loops]] and [[paranoia]]. This interaction may cause elevated risk of psychosis.{{citation needed}}
*'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication) Lithium]''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. A large body of reports indicate that it can highly elevate risk of seizures and psychosis when combined with psychedelics, possibly due to its [[Glutamate|glutaminergic]] and [[GABA|GABAergic]] effects.{{citation needed}}


===Other interactions===
===Other interactions===
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*'''Australia''': LSA is illegal to produce, sell, and consume in Australia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Australia''': LSA is illegal to produce, sell, and consume in Australia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Austria''': LSA containing seeds are not regulated, thus are legal to possess, produce and sell.{{citation needed}}
*'''Austria''': LSA containing seeds are not regulated, thus are legal to possess, produce and sell.{{citation needed}}
*'''Germany''': LSA is controlled under the NpSG (New Psychoactive Substances Act) as of July 18, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/3_Downloads/Gesetze_und_Verordnungen/GuV/N/NPS_BtM_RegV_Bgbl.pdf|title=Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html|title=§ 4 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> Plant parts containing LSA are not covered by the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__2.html|title=§ 2 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': LSA s controlled under the NpSG (''New Psychoactive Substances Act'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 18, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl119s1083.pdf|title=Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2019 Teil I Nr. 27|pages=1083-1094|publication-date=July 17, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html|title=§ 4 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> Plant parts containing LSA are not covered by the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__2.html|title=§ 2 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Latvia''': LSA itself is controlled as a structural analog of LSD. However, there is no information about LSA-containing seeds. In Latvia, plants are only illegal if they contain Schedule I controlled substances and LSA is not a Schedule 1 controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
*'''Latvia''': LSA itself is controlled as a structural analog of LSD. However, there is no information about LSA-containing seeds. In Latvia, plants are only illegal if they contain Schedule I controlled substances and LSA is not a Schedule 1 controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086|title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem|publisher=VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=November 10, 2005|language=lv}}</ref>
*'''The Netherlands''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess.{{citation needed}}
*'''The Netherlands''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess.{{citation needed}}
*'''New Zealand''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess. The plants and seeds of morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy and distribute.{{citation needed}}
*'''New Zealand''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess. The plants and seeds of morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy and distribute.{{citation needed}}
*'''Sweden''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess.{{citation needed}}
*'''Sweden''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess.{{citation needed}}
*'''Turkey''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess. The plants and seeds of morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy and distribute.{{citation needed}}
*'''Turkey''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess. The plants and seeds of morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy and distribute.{{citation needed}}
*'''United Kingdom''': LSA is a Class A drug and categorized as a precursor to [[LSD]].{{citation needed}}
*'''United Kingdom''': LSA is a Class A controlled substance and categorized as a precursor to [[LSD]].{{citation needed}}
*'''United States''': As a precursor to LSD, LSA is a DEA Schedule III drug.{{citation needed}} However, seeds containing LSA can be purchased legally on the internet and from gardening stores.
*'''United States''': As a precursor to LSD, LSA is a DEA Schedule III controlled substance.{{citation needed}} However, seeds containing LSA can be purchased legally on the internet and from gardening stores.


==See also==
==See also==
Retrieved from "http://psy.st/wiki/LSA"