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1B-LSD: Difference between revisions
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The original synthesis date of 1B-LSD is unknown. Unlike most [[research chemicals]], 1B-LSD has no prior record in the scientific literature. The first reports of 1B-LSD use surfaced in 2018 following its appearance on the online [[research chemical]] market. | The original synthesis date of 1B-LSD is unknown. Unlike most [[research chemicals]], 1B-LSD has no prior record in the scientific literature. The first reports of 1B-LSD use surfaced in 2018 following its appearance on the online [[research chemical]] market. | ||
User reports indicate that the subjective effects of 1B-LSD are extremely similar to those of 1P-LSD. 1B-LSD is theorized to act as a [[prodrug]] for LSD.<ref name=" | User reports indicate that the subjective effects of 1B-LSD are extremely similar to those of 1P-LSD. 1B-LSD is theorized to act as a [[prodrug]] for LSD.<ref name="Brandt2015">{{cite journal|last1=Brandt|first1=S. D.|last2=Kavanagh|first2=P. V.|last3=Westphal|first3=F.|last4=Stratford|first4=A.|last5=Elliott|first5=S. P.|last6=Hoang|first6=K.|last7=Wallach|first7=J.|last8=Halberstadt|first8=A. L.|year=2015|title=Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD)|journal=Drug Testing and Analysis|volume=8|issue=9|pages=891-902|doi=10.1002/dta.1884|issn=1942-7603}}</ref> The similarities in chemical structure between 1B-LSD and [[LSD]] predicts a near-identical effect profile, likely differing mainly in its rate of absorption and duration. Characteristics effects include [[geometry|geometric visual hallucinations]], [[time distortion]], [[introspection|enhanced introspection]], and [[ego loss]]. Its classical psychedelic effects and favorable tolerability has led it to become popular among novel psychoactive substance users who use it interchangeably with LSD. | ||
The similarities in chemical structure between 1B-LSD and [[LSD]] predicts a near-identical effect profile, likely differing mainly in its rate of absorption and duration. Characteristics effects include [[geometry|geometric visual hallucinations]], [[time distortion]], [[introspection|enhanced introspection]], and [[ego loss]]. Its classical psychedelic effects and favorable tolerability has led it to become popular among novel psychoactive substance users who use it interchangeably with LSD. | |||
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 1B-LSD. It is presumed to have a similar toxicity and risk profile as [[LSD]], although no evidence currently exists to support this. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 1B-LSD. It is presumed to have a similar toxicity and risk profile as [[LSD]], although no evidence currently exists to support this. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | ||
==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
1B-LSD first appeared on the online research chemical market in | 1B-LSD first appeared on the online research chemical market in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=1b-lsd|title=1B-LSD (Google Trends)|access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> | ||
It is unknown who first synthesized 1B-LSD, as the substance does not appear in any academic literature pre-dating its arrival on the research chemical market.<ref> | It is unknown who first synthesized 1B-LSD, as the substance does not appear in any academic literature pre-dating its arrival on the research chemical market.<ref name="Brandt2015"></ref> | ||
Interestingly, the future usage of 1-akylated lysergamide derivatives as a means to bypass controlled substance laws banning [[LSD]] as a precursor was foreseen in a DEA report from 1988: | Interestingly, the future usage of 1-akylated lysergamide derivatives as a means to bypass controlled substance laws banning [[LSD]] as a precursor was foreseen in a DEA report from 1988: | ||
{{quote3|text=...a reduction in hallucinogenic activity may become acceptable to the U.S. clandestine chemist when he notes that lysergic acid amide is listed as a Schedule III substance in the CFR; therefore, structurally similar substances of this compound are exempted from the CsA amendment. A lucid argument can then be made that lysergic acid N,N-dimethylamide is derived from lysergic acid amide rather than LSD. Carrying this theme to the next logical step one would then assume that the 1-alkyl and 1-acyl derivatives of the N,N-dimethyl isomer would also not be controlled by the CsA amendment. |author=Donald A. Cooper|source=Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse, 1988<ref>Cooper | {{quote3|text=...a reduction in hallucinogenic activity may become acceptable to the U.S. clandestine chemist when he notes that lysergic acid amide is listed as a Schedule III substance in the CFR; therefore, structurally similar substances of this compound are exempted from the CsA amendment. A lucid argument can then be made that lysergic acid N,N-dimethylamide is derived from lysergic acid amide rather than LSD. Carrying this theme to the next logical step one would then assume that the 1-alkyl and 1-acyl derivatives of the N,N-dimethyl isomer would also not be controlled by the CsA amendment. |author=Donald A. Cooper|source=Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse, 1988.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Donald A.|year=1988|title=Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse|isbn=978-0-93211-509-6|work=Proceedings of the international symposium on the forensic aspects of controlled substances|page=79|url=https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/future_synthetic/future_synthetic.shtml}}</ref>}} | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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The [[psychedelic]] effects are thought to primarily come from its efficacy at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors distributed throughout the brain. 1B-LSD also likely displays binding activity at a wide range of [[monoamine]] receptors, such as those for [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. However, there is currently no data to support these claims. | The [[psychedelic]] effects are thought to primarily come from its efficacy at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors distributed throughout the brain. 1B-LSD also likely displays binding activity at a wide range of [[monoamine]] receptors, such as those for [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. However, there is currently no data to support these claims. | ||
It has been theorized that [[1B-LSD]] (as well as the acyl homologs [[1P-LSD]] and [[ALD-52]]) is deacylated in the body to LSD by elimination of butyric acid, as shown by studies with human blood serum.<ref | It has been theorized that [[1B-LSD]] (as well as the acyl homologs [[1P-LSD]] and [[ALD-52]]) is deacylated in the body to LSD by elimination of butyric acid, as shown by studies with human blood serum.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wagmann|first1=L.|last2=Richter|first2=L. H. J.|last3=Kehl|first3=T.|last4=Wack|first4=F.|last5=Pettersson Bergstrand|first5=M.|last6=Brandt|first6=S. D.|last7=Stratford|first7=A.|last8=Maurer|first8=H. H.|last9=Meyer|first9=M. R.|year=2019|title=In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|volume=411|issue=19|pages=4751-4763|doi=10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9|issn=1618-2642}}</ref> | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
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*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis strongly intensifies the sensory and cognitive effects of 1B-LSD. Extreme caution is advised when using this combination as it can significantly increase the chances of a negative psychological reaction like [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]]. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their usual cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid over intake. | *'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis strongly intensifies the sensory and cognitive effects of 1B-LSD. Extreme caution is advised when using this combination as it can significantly increase the chances of a negative psychological reaction like [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]]. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their usual cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid over intake. | ||
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - 1B-LSD enhances the cognitive, visual and general hallucinatory effects of dissociatives. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] and [[internal hallucinations]] become more vivid and intense on 1B-LSD. These effects correspond with an increased risk of [[confusion]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]]. | *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - 1B-LSD enhances the cognitive, visual and general hallucinatory effects of dissociatives. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] and [[internal hallucinations]] become more vivid and intense on 1B-LSD. These effects correspond with an increased risk of [[confusion]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]]. | ||
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - 1B-LSD and MDMA are highly synergistic and mutually enhance each other's physical, cognitive, and visual effects. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for each individually. There is some evidence that suggests LSD increases the neurotoxicity of MDMA, which may be relevant to 1B-LSD as well.<ref>Armstrong | *'''[[MDMA]]''' - 1B-LSD and MDMA are highly synergistic and mutually enhance each other's physical, cognitive, and visual effects. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for each individually. There is some evidence that suggests LSD increases the neurotoxicity of MDMA, which may be relevant to 1B-LSD as well.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=B. D.|last2=Paik|first2=E.|last3=Chhith|first3=S.|last4=Lelievre|first4=V.|last5=Waschek|first5=J. A.|last6=Howard|first6=S. G.|year=2004|title=Potentiation of (DL)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptior partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939|journal=Neuroscience Research Communications|volume=35|issue=2|pages=83-95|doi=10.1002/nrc.20023|issn=1520-6769}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gudelsky|first1=Gary A.|last2=Yamamoto|first2=Bryan|last3=Nash|first3=J. Frank|year=1994|title=Potentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=264|issue=3|pages=325-330|doi=10.1016/0014-2999(94)90669-6|issn=0014-2999}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Capela|first1=J. P.|last2=Fernandes|first2=E.|last3=Remião|first3=F.|last4=Bastos|first4=M. L.|last5=Meisel|first5=A.|last6=Carvalho|first6=F.|year=2007|title=Ecstasy induces apoptosis via 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>-receptor stimulation in cortical neurons|journal=Neurotoxicology|volume=28|issue=4|pages=868-875|pmid=17572501|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2007.04.005|issn=0161-813X}}</ref> | ||
===Experience reports=== | ===Experience reports=== | ||
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===Dependence and abuse potential=== | ===Dependence and abuse potential=== | ||
Although no formal studies have been conducted, it is assumed that like LSD itself, 1B-LSD is [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low abuse potential]]. There are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer LSD — an animal model predictive of abuse liability — indicating that it does not have the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence.<ref | Although no formal studies have been conducted, it is assumed that like LSD itself, 1B-LSD is [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low abuse potential]]. There are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer LSD — an animal model predictive of abuse liability — indicating that it does not have the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=David E.|year=2004|title=Hallucinogens|journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=101|issue=2|pages=131-181|doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002|issn=0163-7258}}</ref> Likewise, there is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when chronic use of LSD is stopped.{{citation needed}} It is assumed that 1B-LSD shares these properties with LSD. | ||
Tolerance to the effects of 1B-LSD are built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::5-7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::14 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 1B-LSD produces cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the use of 1B-LSD they will have a reduced effect. | Tolerance to the effects of 1B-LSD are built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::5-7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::14 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 1B-LSD produces cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the use of 1B-LSD they will have a reduced effect. | ||
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Internationally, 1B-LSD is not scheduled under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is considered to exist in a legal grey area in many countries, meaning that while it is not specifically illegal, individuals may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume. | Internationally, 1B-LSD is not scheduled under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is considered to exist in a legal grey area in many countries, meaning that while it is not specifically illegal, individuals may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume. | ||
*'''Austria''': 1B-LSD is technically not illegal but it may fall | *'''Austria''': 1B-LSD is technically not illegal but it may fall under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich) as an analogue of LSD, thus making it illegal to supply for human consumption.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Der Standard|date=September 28, 2011|title=Synthetische Drogen: Neues Gesetz soll "Legal Highs" bekämpfen|trans-title=Synthetic drugs: New law is to combat legal highs|access-date=January 1, 2020|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1317018702282/kraeutermischungen-synthetische-drogen-neues-gesetz-soll-legal-highs-bekaempfen|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/ME/ME_00317/imfname_231611.pdf|title=Entwurf: Bundesgesetz, mit dem ein Bundesgesetz über den Schutz vor Gesundheitsgefahren im Zusammenhang mit Neuen Psychoaktiven Substanzen (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz, NPSG) erlassen und das Suchtmittelgesetz (SMG) geändert wird|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Germany''': 1B-LSD is controlled under the NpSG (''New Psychoactive Substances Act'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 18, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url= | *'''Germany''': 1B-LSD is controlled under the NpSG (''New Psychoactive Substances Act'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 18, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl119s1083.pdf|title=Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2019 Teil I Nr. 27|pages=1083-1094|publication-date=July 17, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html|title=§ 4 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Latvia''': 1B-LSD is illegal in Latvia. Although it is not officially scheduled, it is controlled as an LSD structural analog due to an amendment made on June 1, 2015.<ref> | *'''Latvia''': 1B-LSD is illegal in Latvia. Although it is not officially scheduled, it is controlled as an LSD structural analog due to an amendment made on June 1, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086|title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem|publisher=Latvijas Vēstnesis|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=November 10, 2005|language=lv}}</ref> | ||
*'''Lithuania''': 1B-LSD is illegal in Lithuania and is specifically named on the list of illegal substances since June 5, 2019. <ref> | *'''Lithuania''': 1B-LSD is illegal in Lithuania and is specifically named on the list of illegal substances since June 5, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalActEditions/TAR.7B3B40DCD13A|title=LR SAM Įsakymas Dėl Narkotinių ir psichotropinių medžiagų sąrašų patvirtinimo|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=lt}}</ref> | ||
*'''Sweden''': Following its sale as a [[designer drug]], 1B-LSD was made illegal in Sweden on January 26, 2016.<ref> | *'''Sweden''': Following its sale as a [[designer drug]], 1B-LSD was made illegal in Sweden on January 26, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2016/januari/31-nya-substanser-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara|title=31 nya substanser klassas som narkotika eller hälsofarlig vara|publisher=Folkhälsomyndigheten|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=January 26, 2016|language=sv}}</ref> | ||
*'''Switzerland''': Legal status is uncertain and there is a significant chance it will be explicitly declared illegal on May 1, 2019 by ''Ordinance of the DFI on the lists of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors and chemical adjuvants''.<ref> | *'''Switzerland''': Legal status is uncertain and there is a significant chance it will be explicitly declared illegal on May 1, 2019 by ''Ordinance of the DFI on the lists of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors and chemical adjuvants''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Federal Chancellery of Switzerland|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': 1B-LSD is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26, 2016.<ref> | *'''United Kingdom''': 1B-LSD is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted|title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016|access-date=January 1, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref> | ||
*'''United States''': Since 1B-LSD can be considered a prodrug for LSD, its possession and sale may be prosecutable in the United States under the Federal Analogue Act.{{citation needed}} | *'''United States''': Since 1B-LSD can be considered a prodrug for LSD, its possession and sale may be prosecutable in the United States under the Federal Analogue Act.{{citation needed}} | ||