Depersonalization: Difference between revisions

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<onlyinclude>'''Depersonalization''' or '''depersonalisation''' (sometimes abbreviated as '''DP''') is medically recognized as the experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's mental processes, body, or actions.<ref name="DSM5Glossary">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 818-20. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms</ref><ref name=":1">Kolev, O. I., Georgieva-Zhostova, S. O., & Berthoz, A. (2014). Anxiety changes depersonalization and derealization symptoms in vestibular patients. ''Behavioural Neurology'', ''2014''. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F847054</ref><ref name=":4">Sierra, M., Senior, C., Dalton, J., McDonough, M., Bond, A., Phillips, M. L., ... & David, A. S. (2002). Autonomic response in depersonalization disorder. ''Archives of General Psychiatry'', ''59''(9), 833-838. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.833</ref> During this state, the affected person may feel like they are "[[physical autonomy|on autopilot]]" and that the world is lacking in significance.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2">Radovic, F., & Radovic, S. (2002). Feelings of unreality: A conceptual and phenomenological analysis of the language of depersonalization. ''Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology'', ''9''(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2003.0048</ref> Individuals who experience depersonalization feel detached from aspects of the self, including feelings (e.g., "I know I have feelings but I don't feel them"),<ref name=":3">Phillips, M. L., Medford, N., Senior, C., Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Brammer, M. J., ... & David, A. S. (2001). Depersonalization disorder: thinking without feeling. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 108(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00119-6</ref> thoughts (e.g., "My thoughts don't feel like my own")<ref name=":5">Melges, F. T., Tinklenberg, J. R., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1970). Temporal disintegration and depersonalization during marihuana intoxication. ''Archives of General Psychiatry'', ''23''(3), 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750030012003</ref>, and sensations (e.g., touch, hunger, thirst, libido).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 302-306. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm08</ref><ref name=":6">Sierra, M., Baker, D., Medford, N., & David, A. S. (2005). Unpacking the depersonalization syndrome: an exploratory factor analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale. ''Psychological medicine'', ''35''(10), 1523-1532. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005325</ref> This can be distressing to the user, who may become disoriented by the loss of a sense that their self is the origin of their thoughts and actions.

It is perfectly normal for people to slip into this state temporarily, often without even realizing it. For example, many people often note that they enter a detached state of autopilot during stressful situations or when performing monotonous routine tasks such as driving.

It is perfectly normal for people to slip into this state temporarily,<ref name=":8">Stein, D. J., & Simeon, D. (2009). Cognitive-affective neuroscience of depersonalization. ''CNS spectrums'', ''14''(9), 467-471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S109285290002352X</ref> often without even realizing it. For example, many people often note that they enter a detached state of autopilot during stressful situations or when performing monotonous routine tasks such as driving.

It is worth noting that this state of mind is also commonly associated with and occurs alongside [[derealization]]. While depersonalization is the subjective experience of unreality in one's sense of self, derealization is the perception of unreality in the outside world.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />

Depersonalization is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[anxiety]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> [[depression]],<ref name=":3" /> [[time distortion]],<ref name=":5" /> and [[derealization]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Humphreys, D., Lowe, J. V., & Weithe, K. E. (1993). Depersonalization after marijuana smoking. ''Biological Psychiatry'', ''33''(6), 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(93)90171-9</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[dissociative]] compounds, such as [[ketamine]], [[PCP]],<ref>Erard, R., Luisada, P. V., & Peele, R. (1980). The PCP psychosis: prolonged intoxication or drug-precipitated functional illness?. ''Journal of psychedelic drugs'', ''12''(3-4), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1980.10471432</ref><ref>Pradhan, S. N. (1984). Phencyclidine (PCP): some human studies. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', ''8''(4), 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(84)90006-X</ref> and [[DXM]]. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[cannabis]]<ref name=":7" /><ref>Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Chiu, N. Y., Turkington, T. G., DeGrado, T. R., & Coleman, R. E. (1999). Regional cerebral blood flow and depersonalization after tetrahydrocannabinol adrninistration. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x</ref> and to a lesser extent during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of [[depressant|depressants]]<ref>Roy-Byrne, P. P., & Hommer, D. (1988). Benzodiazepine withdrawal: overview and implications for the treatment of anxiety. ''The American journal of medicine'', ''84''(6), 1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(88)90309-9</ref><ref>Duncan, J. (1988). Neuropsychiatric aspects of sedative drug withdrawal. ''Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental'', ''3''(3), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.470030304</ref> and [[~~stimulant~~|~~stimulants~~]].</onlyinclude>

Depersonalization is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[anxiety]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> [[depression]],<ref name=":3" /> [[time distortion]],<ref name=":5" /> and [[derealization]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Humphreys, D., Lowe, J. V., & Weithe, K. E. (1993). Depersonalization after marijuana smoking. ''Biological Psychiatry'', ''33''(6), 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(93)90171-9</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[dissociative]] compounds, such as [[ketamine]],<ref name=":8" /> [[PCP]],<ref>Erard, R., Luisada, P. V., & Peele, R. (1980). The PCP psychosis: prolonged intoxication or drug-precipitated functional illness?. ''Journal of psychedelic drugs'', ''12''(3-4), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1980.10471432</ref><ref>Pradhan, S. N. (1984). Phencyclidine (PCP): some human studies. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', ''8''(4), 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(84)90006-X</ref> and [[DXM]]. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[cannabis]],<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Chiu, N. Y., Turkington, T. G., DeGrado, T. R., & Coleman, R. E. (1999). Regional cerebral blood flow and depersonalization after tetrahydrocannabinol adrninistration. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x</ref> [[psychedelics]],<ref name=":8" /> and to a lesser extent during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of [[depressant|depressants]]<ref>Roy-Byrne, P. P., & Hommer, D. (1988). Benzodiazepine withdrawal: overview and implications for the treatment of anxiety. ''The American journal of medicine'', ''84''(6), 1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(88)90309-9</ref><ref>Duncan, J. (1988). Neuropsychiatric aspects of sedative drug withdrawal. ''Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental'', ''3''(3), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.470030304</ref> and [[SSRI|SSRI's]]<ref name=":8" />.</onlyinclude>

===Analysis===

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 <onlyinclude>'''Depersonalization''' or '''depersonalisation''' (sometimes abbreviated as '''DP''') is medically recognized as the experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's mental processes, body, or actions.<ref name="DSM5Glossary">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 818-20. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms</ref><ref name=":1">Kolev, O. I., Georgieva-Zhostova, S. O., & Berthoz, A. (2014). Anxiety changes depersonalization and derealization symptoms in vestibular patients. ''Behavioural Neurology'', ''2014''. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F847054</ref><ref name=":4">Sierra, M., Senior, C., Dalton, J., McDonough, M., Bond, A., Phillips, M. L., ... & David, A. S. (2002). Autonomic response in depersonalization disorder. ''Archives of General Psychiatry'', ''59''(9), 833-838. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.833</ref> During this state, the affected person may feel like they are "[[physical autonomy|on autopilot]]" and that the world is lacking in significance.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2">Radovic, F., & Radovic, S. (2002). Feelings of unreality: A conceptual and phenomenological analysis of the language of depersonalization. ''Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology'', ''9''(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2003.0048</ref> Individuals who experience depersonalization feel detached from aspects of the self, including feelings (e.g., "I know I have feelings but I don't feel them"),<ref name=":3">Phillips, M. L., Medford, N., Senior, C., Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Brammer, M. J., ... & David, A. S. (2001). Depersonalization disorder: thinking without feeling. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 108(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00119-6</ref> thoughts (e.g., "My thoughts don't feel like my own")<ref name=":5">Melges, F. T., Tinklenberg, J. R., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1970). Temporal disintegration and depersonalization during marihuana intoxication. ''Archives of General Psychiatry'', ''23''(3), 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750030012003</ref>, and sensations (e.g., touch, hunger, thirst, libido).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 302-306. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm08</ref><ref name=":6">Sierra, M., Baker, D., Medford, N., & David, A. S. (2005). Unpacking the depersonalization syndrome: an exploratory factor analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale. ''Psychological medicine'', ''35''(10), 1523-1532. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005325</ref> This can be distressing to the user, who may become disoriented by the loss of a sense that their self is the origin of their thoughts and actions.
-It is perfectly normal for people to slip into this state temporarily, often without even realizing it. For example, many people often note that they enter a detached state of autopilot during stressful situations or when performing monotonous routine tasks such as driving.
+It is perfectly normal for people to slip into this state temporarily,<ref name=":8">Stein, D. J., & Simeon, D. (2009). Cognitive-affective neuroscience of depersonalization. ''CNS spectrums'', ''14''(9), 467-471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S109285290002352X</ref> often without even realizing it. For example, many people often note that they enter a detached state of autopilot during stressful situations or when performing monotonous routine tasks such as driving.
 It is worth noting that this state of mind is also commonly associated with and occurs alongside [[derealization]]. While depersonalization is the subjective experience of unreality in one's sense of self, derealization is the perception of unreality in the outside world.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
-Depersonalization is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[anxiety]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> [[depression]],<ref name=":3" /> [[time distortion]],<ref name=":5" /> and [[derealization]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Humphreys, D., Lowe, J. V., & Weithe, K. E. (1993). Depersonalization after marijuana smoking. ''Biological Psychiatry'', ''33''(6), 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(93)90171-9</ref>  It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[dissociative]] compounds, such as [[ketamine]], [[PCP]],<ref>Erard, R., Luisada, P. V., & Peele, R. (1980). The PCP psychosis: prolonged intoxication or drug-precipitated functional illness?. ''Journal of psychedelic drugs'', ''12''(3-4), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1980.10471432</ref><ref>Pradhan, S. N. (1984). Phencyclidine (PCP): some human studies. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', ''8''(4), 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(84)90006-X</ref> and [[DXM]]. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[cannabis]]<ref name=":7" /><ref>Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Chiu, N. Y., Turkington, T. G., DeGrado, T. R., & Coleman, R. E. (1999). Regional cerebral blood flow and depersonalization after tetrahydrocannabinol adrninistration. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x</ref> and to a lesser extent during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of [[depressant|depressants]]<ref>Roy-Byrne, P. P., & Hommer, D. (1988). Benzodiazepine withdrawal: overview and implications for the treatment of anxiety. ''The American journal of medicine'', ''84''(6), 1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(88)90309-9</ref><ref>Duncan, J. (1988). Neuropsychiatric aspects of sedative drug withdrawal. ''Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental'', ''3''(3), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.470030304</ref> and [[stimulant|stimulants]].</onlyinclude>
+Depersonalization is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[anxiety]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> [[depression]],<ref name=":3" /> [[time distortion]],<ref name=":5" /> and [[derealization]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Humphreys, D., Lowe, J. V., & Weithe, K. E. (1993). Depersonalization after marijuana smoking. ''Biological Psychiatry'', ''33''(6), 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(93)90171-9</ref>  It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[dissociative]] compounds, such as [[ketamine]],<ref name=":8" /> [[PCP]],<ref>Erard, R., Luisada, P. V., & Peele, R. (1980). The PCP psychosis: prolonged intoxication or drug-precipitated functional illness?. ''Journal of psychedelic drugs'', ''12''(3-4), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1980.10471432</ref><ref>Pradhan, S. N. (1984). Phencyclidine (PCP): some human studies. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', ''8''(4), 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(84)90006-X</ref> and [[DXM]]. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[cannabis]],<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Chiu, N. Y., Turkington, T. G., DeGrado, T. R., & Coleman, R. E. (1999). Regional cerebral blood flow and depersonalization after tetrahydrocannabinol adrninistration. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x</ref> [[psychedelics]],<ref name=":8" /> and to a lesser extent during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of [[depressant|depressants]]<ref>Roy-Byrne, P. P., & Hommer, D. (1988). Benzodiazepine withdrawal: overview and implications for the treatment of anxiety. ''The American journal of medicine'', ''84''(6), 1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(88)90309-9</ref><ref>Duncan, J. (1988). Neuropsychiatric aspects of sedative drug withdrawal. ''Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental'', ''3''(3), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.470030304</ref> and [[SSRI|SSRI's]]<ref name=":8" />.</onlyinclude>
 ===Analysis===