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Salvinorin A: Difference between revisions
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==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of | Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of salvinorin A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a guaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, salvinorin A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor. | ||
Salvinorin A also acts as a potent agonist at [[dopamine|D<sub>2</sub>]] receptors,<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/syn.20647</ref> which may be partially responsible for its hallucinogenic effects. | Salvinorin A also acts as a potent agonist at [[dopamine|D<sub>2</sub>]] receptors,<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/syn.20647</ref> which may be partially responsible for its hallucinogenic effects. | ||
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====='''Tincture'''===== | ====='''Tincture'''===== | ||
This is made by dissolving pure | This is made by dissolving pure salvinorin A or a semi-pure form of it into ethyl alcohol. It is meant to be used sublingually by holding a certain amount under the tongue for a period of time. This type of preparation tends to cause longer but weaker effects. It's worth noting that holding strong tincture under the tongue for long periods of time can eventually cause blistering. It is sometimes best to dilute the pure tincture with water (although potency may be decreased). | ||
====='''Tea'''===== | ====='''Tea'''===== | ||
A [[Hot water extraction from dried Salvia Divinorum leaves|tea]] can be made by crushing 3–4 g of dried leaves and boiling them for 5 minutes. Afterwards, let it simmer for around 15 minutes. Salvinorin A is not orally active, so the tea has to be kept in the mouth for around 15–20 seconds for each sip. This tea, if properly brewed and ingested, can produce a trance-like state when closing the eyes and up to an entire night of vivid and intense dreams along with occasional closed eye visuals. | A [[Hot water extraction from dried Salvia Divinorum leaves|tea]] can be made by crushing 3–4 g of dried leaves and boiling them for 5 minutes. Afterwards, let it simmer for around 15 minutes. Salvinorin A is not orally active, so the tea has to be kept in the mouth for around 15–20 seconds for each sip. This tea, if properly brewed and ingested, can produce a trance-like state when closing the eyes and up to an entire night of vivid and intense dreams along with occasional closed eye visuals. | ||
== Other | == Other salvinorin A Containing Plants == | ||
=== Salvia Recognita === | === Salvia Recognita === | ||
[[File:Salvia Recognita.jpg|thumb|Salvia Recognita]] | [[File:Salvia Recognita.jpg|thumb|Salvia Recognita]] | ||
'''''Salvia Recognita''''' (also known as '''Salvia Recognita''', '''Turkish Cliff Sage''' | '''''Salvia Recognita''''' (also known as '''Salvia Recognita''', '''Turkish Cliff Sage''', is a psychoactive plant which is 10 times less than that of the potency of it's relative Salvia Divinorum. Its native habitat is at the base of cliffs in the central Turkey, where it grows in light shade at elevations of 4,000 feet. The plant grows up to a meter high and leafs that span from 3-4 inches to nearly 1 foot long, and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers. | ||
'''''Salvia Glutinosa''''' (also known as '''Salvia Glutinosa''', '''Jupiter's Sage''', is a psychoactive plant which is far less potent then that of Saliva Recognita. Its native habitat is in forested areas located around Central and East Europe and West Asia, where it grows in partial shade in calcareous soils, at elevations of 330 - 5,250 feet (100 - 1,600 metres) adobe sea level. The plant grows up to a 16-24 inches (40 - 60 cm) tall and hairy leafs that span from 5.1 inches (13 cm) inches with petioles of about 3.1 - 3.9 inches ( 8 - 8 centimetres), and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers. | |||
'''''Salvia Glutinosa''''' (also known as '''Salvia Glutinosa''', '''Jupiter's Sage''' | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Currently, the scientific literature classifies | Currently, the scientific literature classifies salvinorin A as a [[hallucinogen]]. However, there is additional debate as to whether it can correctly be labeled as a [[dissociative]] or an atypical dissociative with some [[psychedelic]] and even [[deliriant|delirious]] qualities.{{citation needed}} | ||
Although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out-of-body experiences commonly reported with typical dissociatives ([[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s), this is arguably not sufficient so that it falls under the same classification. For example, the hallucinatory structures (although similar) are vastly different in their style and complexity. Alongside of this, the out-of-body experiences commonly reported with dissociatives are presumed to be triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors, the function of which in the human brain is almost entirely unknown.{{citation needed}} | Although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out-of-body experiences commonly reported with typical dissociatives ([[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s), this is arguably not sufficient so that it falls under the same classification. For example, the hallucinatory structures (although similar) are vastly different in their style and complexity. Alongside of this, the out-of-body experiences commonly reported with dissociatives are presumed to be triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors, the function of which in the human brain is almost entirely unknown.{{citation needed}} | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. | ||
Anecdotal evidence | Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption. | ||
Due to its unusually potent and potentially overwhelming effects, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | Due to its unusually potent and potentially overwhelming effects, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | ||
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Salvinorin A is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating. | Salvinorin A is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating. | ||
Tolerance to the effects of | Tolerance to the effects of salvinorin A does not occur. In fact, many users report that the effects of this substance can actually become stronger over time and with repeated usage (a phenomenon known as "[[reverse tolerance]]"). Due to its unique set of target receptors, salvinorin A presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::no other [[hallucinogen]]s]]. | ||
==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
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*'''Croatia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Croatia.{{citation needed}} | *'''Croatia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Croatia.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Czech Republic:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Czech Republic.{{citation needed}} | *'''Czech Republic:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Czech Republic.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Canada:''' Salvia | *'''Canada:''' Salvia divinorum and its preparations and derivatives (including Salvinorin A) are schedule IV in Canada.<ref>http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/page-15.html#h-34</ref> | ||
*'''Denmark:''' Salvinorin A is a Class B drug in Denmark.{{citation needed}} | *'''Denmark:''' Salvinorin A is a Class B drug in Denmark.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Germany:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Germany.{{citation needed}} | *'''Germany:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Germany.{{citation needed}} | ||