Talk:Time distortion: Difference between revisions

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==Editors Note==

It is difficult to delineate 'time contraction' from 'time expansion' as authors of various papers seem to refer to this both as an increase in data content during the experience (time slowing down).<ref>Hill, R.M., Fischer, R. & Warshay, D. Experientia (1969) 25: 171. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01899105</ref><ref>Fischer, R. (1971). A cartography of the ecstatic and meditative states. Science, 174(4012), 897-904. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4012.897</ref> (See ''On cannabis'' for time expansion meaning the same)

==Neurological Analysis==

===Microdosing LSD produces time dilation in suprasecond interval timing===

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Line 33:

"Weakening of hippocampal censorship function and overload competing of neuronal conceptualizations during information selection (Emrich et al. 1991) might be connected to cannabis-induced prolonged time estimation and intensity scaling. This metric reference promotes functions of a divergent cognitive strategy to overlook the Gestalten of musical holonomic symbolization on one hand and to lose track (Webster 2001) on the other, because convergent perception of sequential information parts is reduced. Mathew reported a cannabis-induced change of time sense CBF correlated with changes of cerebellum blood flow (Mathew et al. 1998). Cerebellum is associated with movement organization and time-keeping functions."<ref>Fachner, J. (2002). Topographic EEG changes accompanying cannabis-induced alteration of music perception—Cannabis as a hearing aid?. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 2(2), 3-36. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n02_02</ref>

"Comparing pre/post-THC-music, differences (p<0.025) were found in the right fronto-temporal cortex on θ, and on α in the left occipital cortex (IMAGE_11.GIF). During pre-THC-music listening, θ-% increased but decreased more in post-THC-music than during rest. In both temporal lobes, θ-amplitudes decreased during post-THC-music as well (IMAGE_10.GIF). Several studies noted observed music-induced changes in the right temporal fronto-temporal lobe, but with varying frequency ranges (26, 28-32). Even results of dichotic listening indicate changes in the right hemisphere (33, 34). Alterations in the temporal lobe EEG might represent changes in the hippocampus region as well. The hippocampus is rich in CBR (cannabinoid receptors) (35) and has a strong impact on memory functions and information selection. Weakening of hippocampal censorship function and overload competing of neuronal conceptualizations during information selection (36) might be connected to THC-induced prolonged time estimation and intensity scaling. THC-induced sensory information flooding might be processed in a more effective manner. Time expansion might induce a changed metric frame of reference (10), which leads to a different cognitive style of holonomic perception of memory retrieval (8). This might enable musicians to get temporarily increased insight into the ‘space between the notes’ (4) and to handle rhythmic patterns with more sophistication. A skilled and trained musician might benefit from “losing track” (8) during an improvisation and even while playing composed structures. This way of reducing irrelevant information offers spontaneous rearrangement of a piece, vivid performance with enlarged emotional intensity scaling, and the opening of improvisational possibilities by breaking down preconceptions and restructuring habituated listening and acting patterns. It seems that this change of auditory perspective in perceiving musical Gestalten (8) is mediated throughout an extension of auditory metric scaling during internal sound staging of music perceived. Listening to a record via headphones becomes a wider 3-dimensional moving soundscape, there seem to be “broader spatial relations between sound sources”(9). Expanded auditory metric units promote a frame of reference that seems to fit more precisely into an audio-visual way of perceiving acoustic relations. The drummer Robin Horn said (1), “it (pot) does create a larger vision, and if that’s the case, then it would apply to your instrument because the more you see, the more you can do.” Changed left occipital and right temporal EEG activity might represent a change of auditory perspective on musical acoustics. These issues have been discussed more intensively elsewhere (3, 10, 23)."<ref>Lehmann, A. C. TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL AND PARIETAL EEG-BRAIN-MAPPING CHANGES IN PRE/POST-THC-MUSIC AND REST. http://epos.feserweb.de/books/k/klww003/pdfs/150_Fachner_Proc.pdf</ref>

===More evidence for endogenous neurochemical systems that regulate this effect===

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"The potential for SD[sensory deprivation] to produce alterations in consciousness (eg, greater visual imagery, hallucinations, time distortion, etc) is well recognized, but to date little is experimentally known about the ability for SO to do likewise. So far, with the experimental paradigm employed, we have found in fact that SO[sensory overload] may produce mild to profound distortions in reality testing or "psychedelic" effects in about 40% of the normal subjects. For purposes of illustration, several verbatim excerpts from interviews conducted immediately after exposure to SO are presented."<ref>Ludwig, A. M. (1971). Self-regulation of the sensory environment: Conceptual model and potential clinical applications. Archives of general psychiatry, 25(5), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750170029006</ref>

===~~Time~~ effects analysis===

===Addicts continue to have temporal disturbances===

"The main goal of this study was to identify unusual, yet essential lived time experiences of people addicted to multiple drugs when in a sober state. Eight of the clients comprising the study sample experienced difficulties following time in an organized fashion and seven sought to accelerate it."<ref>Moskalewicz, M. (2016). Lived time disturbances of drug addiction therapy newcomers. A qualitative, field phenomenology case study at Monar-Markot Center in Poland. International journal of mental health and addiction, 14(6), 1023-1038. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11469-016-9680-4</ref>

===Psychedelic time effects analysis===

[http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/68/2/264#sec-28 Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological reviews, 68(2), 264-355.]

===Possible time reversal paper (Fig 8.)===

[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00346/full#h7 Restructuring consciousness –the psychedelic state in light of integrated information theory]

===Chaos theory brainwave energy interpretation of time===

[http://www.dejanrakovicfund.org/knjige/1995-ecpd-consciousness.pdf#page=224 Brainwaves, neural networks, and ionic structures: Biophysical model for altered states of consciousness]

===‘Time’ differs in various domains, such as (i) physical time (e.g., clock time), (ii) biological time, such as the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and (iii) the perceptual rate of time.===

"The various forms of time are as follows (Vimal & Davia, 2008):

(A) Physical time: This is physical clock time. The Planck time is the unit of time in the system of natural units known as Planck units, which is the time it would take a photon traveling at the speed of light in a vacuum to cross a distance equal to the Planck length; it is about 5.39 x 10-16 seconds; however, it has not been measured yet. Images of electrons leaving atoms were produced by short pulses of laser light and recorded within 100 attoseconds (10-16 seconds); this is the shortest time measured so far.

(B) Biological time: Although all brain areas can be considered as biological clocks, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master molecular clock (Vimal, Pandey-Vimal, Vimal, Stopa, Renshaw, Vimal, & Harper, 2009); it is measured in msec.

(C) Perceptual rate of time: This is psychophysically measured in cycles per second (Hz) using luminance critical flicker frequency (CFF). It varies from 24 Hz in dim light and 60 Hz in bright light for normal humans to 80 Hz for Buddhist monks during meditation to 300 Hz for the honeybee. Color fusion frequencies are lower than CFF. Time can be integrated up to 160 msec for luminance stimuli, whereas integration time is longer for color stimuli. When we view a sinusoidally flickering light with temporal frequency (TF) above CFF, the associated experience is invariant in a sense that we do not perceive any flicker and light appears like steady light. In other words, if we start from TF = 0 Hz to CFF, (i) we perceive first steady light at 0 Hz, (ii) then flicker-perception increases with increase of TF to maximum value at peak-TF and (iii) then flicker-perception decrease as we increase TF and (iv) eventually reaches flicker-perception of zero at CFF. However, CFF depends on internal and external context, i.e., it would be possible to alter the predictions of the values of peak-TF and CFF, but the above 4 steps will occur. It would be interesting to perform experiments related to the estimations of time at the above 4 crucial points. Our prediction is that phenomenal time (defined below) will be different (perhaps faster) at peak-TF than that at TF >CFF. Note that we perceive maximum flicker at peak-TF and no flicker at CFF.

(D) Relative positions in time: These can be distinguished in two ways: (i) Each position is either Past, Present, or Future. This distinction varies continuously. (ii) Each position can be earlier or later than other positions. This distinction is permanent.

(E) Cyclic and linear nature of time: Time can be cyclic (day ↔ night) or linear (future → present → past).

(F) Subjective passage of time can be shorter or longer than physical time depending on the state of mind. Phenomenal time is defined as the subjective experience of time.2 It seems to speed up as we grow older, slow down in crisis, and slowing towards stopping, in some cases, such as at death, in near-death experience, meditation, and psychedelic drug use (Vimal & Davia, 2008). Furthermore, rather than focusing on the ability to detect change, insight into phenomenal time may come by focusing on the inability to detect change such as in CFF. Every phenomenal time may be an ‘occasion of experience’ or SE, for example, a Buddhist Monk who has CFF of 80 Hz may have SE every 12.5 msec, whereas a subject who has CFF of 60 Hz may have SE every 16.7 msec."<ref>Vimal, R. L., & Davia, C. J. (2010). Phenomenal Time and its Biological Correlates. Time & Consciousness, 1(5), 560-572. https://philpapers.org/archive/NIXTC#page=82</ref>

===Nonspecific studies (just mentions time distortion for the substance)===

* [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.024 Journey through the K-hole: Phenomenological aspects of ketamine use]

* [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.011 Methoxetamine – a novel recreational drug with potent hallucinogenic properties]

* [https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_459 Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States]

* [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_36 The Mushroom Psilocybin with Psychedelic Properties]

* [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.583.1262&rep=rep1&type=pdf Phenomenology of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Use: A Thematic Analysis]

* [https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.605661 Voice of the Psychonauts: Coping, Life Purpose, and Spirituality in Psychedelic Drug Users]

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* [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05021-1 Adverse effects of cannabis]

* [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.5019&rep=rep1&type=pdf Socio-cultural transformation and drug dependence in youth]

===References===

==Trip report==

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It's one of the only experience reports I've seen with time becoming non-linear, alongside the specifics of some DMT trips. Some limited exploration with psychedelics and maybe dissociatives has given me a strong interest in the way our mind perceives time, but it seems the common range of experiences doesn't reveal insight as fascinating as this report with recollections of "moments" that don't follow each other but instead connect to multiple others, I hope I experience this someday -- yokohama

~~===References===~~

~~<references/>~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+==Editors Note==
+It is difficult to delineate 'time contraction' from 'time expansion' as authors of various papers seem to refer to this both as an increase in data content during the experience (time slowing down).<ref>Hill, R.M., Fischer, R. & Warshay, D. Experientia (1969) 25: 171. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01899105</ref><ref>Fischer, R. (1971). A cartography of the ecstatic and meditative states. Science, 174(4012), 897-904. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4012.897</ref> (See ''On cannabis'' for time expansion meaning the same)
 ==Neurological Analysis==
 ===Microdosing LSD produces time dilation in suprasecond interval timing===
@@ Line 30: / Line 33: @@
 "Weakening of hippocampal censorship function and overload competing of neuronal conceptualizations during information selection (Emrich et al. 1991) might be connected to cannabis-induced prolonged time estimation and intensity scaling. This metric reference promotes functions of a divergent cognitive strategy to overlook the Gestalten of musical holonomic symbolization on one hand and to lose track (Webster 2001) on the other, because convergent perception of sequential information parts is reduced. Mathew reported a cannabis-induced change of time sense CBF correlated with changes of cerebellum blood flow (Mathew et al. 1998). Cerebellum is associated with movement organization and time-keeping functions."<ref>Fachner, J. (2002). Topographic EEG changes accompanying cannabis-induced alteration of music perception—Cannabis as a hearing aid?. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 2(2), 3-36. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n02_02</ref>
+"Comparing pre/post-THC-music, differences (p<0.025) were found in the right fronto-temporal cortex on θ, and on α in the left occipital cortex (IMAGE_11.GIF). During pre-THC-music listening, θ-% increased but decreased more in post-THC-music than during rest. In both temporal lobes, θ-amplitudes decreased during post-THC-music as well (IMAGE_10.GIF). Several studies noted observed music-induced changes in the right temporal fronto-temporal lobe, but with varying frequency ranges (26, 28-32). Even results of dichotic listening indicate changes in the right hemisphere (33, 34). Alterations in the temporal lobe EEG might represent changes in the hippocampus region as well. The hippocampus is rich in CBR (cannabinoid receptors) (35) and has a strong impact on memory functions and information selection. Weakening of hippocampal censorship function and overload competing of neuronal conceptualizations during information selection (36) might be connected to THC-induced prolonged time estimation and intensity scaling. THC-induced sensory information flooding might be processed in a more effective manner. Time expansion might induce a changed metric frame of reference (10), which leads to a different cognitive style of holonomic perception of memory retrieval (8). This might enable musicians to get temporarily increased insight into the ‘space between the notes’ (4) and to handle rhythmic patterns with more sophistication. A skilled and trained musician might benefit from “losing track” (8) during an improvisation and even while playing composed structures. This way of reducing irrelevant information offers spontaneous rearrangement of a piece, vivid performance with enlarged emotional intensity scaling, and the opening of improvisational possibilities by breaking down preconceptions and restructuring habituated listening and acting patterns. It seems that this change of auditory perspective in perceiving musical Gestalten (8) is mediated throughout an extension of auditory metric scaling during internal sound staging of music perceived. Listening to a record via headphones becomes a wider 3-dimensional moving soundscape, there seem to be “broader spatial relations between sound sources”(9). Expanded auditory metric units promote a frame of reference that seems to fit more precisely into an audio-visual way of perceiving acoustic relations. The drummer Robin Horn said (1), “it (pot) does create a larger vision, and if that’s the case, then it would apply to your instrument because the more you see, the more you can do.” Changed left occipital and right temporal EEG activity might represent a change of auditory perspective on musical acoustics. These issues have been discussed more intensively elsewhere (3, 10, 23)."<ref>Lehmann, A. C. TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL AND PARIETAL EEG-BRAIN-MAPPING CHANGES IN PRE/POST-THC-MUSIC AND REST. http://epos.feserweb.de/books/k/klww003/pdfs/150_Fachner_Proc.pdf</ref>
 ===More evidence for endogenous neurochemical systems that regulate this effect===
@@ Line 41: / Line 46: @@
 "The potential for SD[sensory deprivation] to produce alterations in consciousness (eg, greater visual imagery, hallucinations, time distortion, etc) is well recognized, but to date little is experimentally known about the ability for SO to do likewise. So far, with the experimental paradigm employed, we have found in fact that SO[sensory overload] may produce mild to profound distortions in reality testing or "psychedelic" effects in about 40% of the normal subjects. For purposes of illustration, several verbatim excerpts from interviews conducted immediately after exposure to SO are presented."<ref>Ludwig, A. M. (1971). Self-regulation of the sensory environment: Conceptual model and potential clinical applications. Archives of general psychiatry, 25(5), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750170029006</ref>
-===Time effects analysis===
+===Addicts continue to have temporal disturbances===
+"The main goal of this study was to identify unusual, yet essential lived time experiences of people addicted to multiple drugs when in a sober state. Eight of the clients comprising the study sample experienced difficulties following time in an organized fashion and seven sought to accelerate it."<ref>Moskalewicz, M. (2016). Lived time disturbances of drug addiction therapy newcomers. A qualitative, field phenomenology case study at Monar-Markot Center in Poland. International journal of mental health and addiction, 14(6), 1023-1038. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11469-016-9680-4</ref>
+===Psychedelic time effects analysis===
 [http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/68/2/264#sec-28 Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological reviews, 68(2), 264-355.]
 ===Possible time reversal paper (Fig 8.)===
 [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00346/full#h7 Restructuring consciousness –the psychedelic state in light of integrated information theory]
+===Chaos theory brainwave energy interpretation of time===
+[http://www.dejanrakovicfund.org/knjige/1995-ecpd-consciousness.pdf#page=224 Brainwaves, neural networks, and ionic structures: Biophysical model for altered states of consciousness]
+===‘Time’ differs in various domains, such as (i) physical time (e.g., clock time), (ii) biological time, such as the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and (iii) the perceptual rate of time.===
+"The various forms of time are as follows (Vimal & Davia, 2008):
+(A) Physical time: This is physical clock time. The Planck time is the unit of time in the system of natural units known as Planck units, which is the time it would take a photon traveling at the speed of light in a vacuum to cross a distance equal to the Planck length; it is about 5.39 x 10-16 seconds; however, it has not been measured yet. Images of electrons leaving atoms were produced by short pulses of laser light and recorded within 100 attoseconds (10-16 seconds); this is the shortest time measured so far.
+(B) Biological time: Although all brain areas can be considered as biological clocks, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master molecular clock (Vimal, Pandey-Vimal, Vimal, Stopa, Renshaw, Vimal, & Harper, 2009); it is measured in msec.
+(C) Perceptual rate of time: This is psychophysically measured in cycles per second (Hz) using luminance critical flicker frequency (CFF). It varies from 24 Hz in dim light and 60 Hz in bright light for normal humans to 80 Hz for Buddhist monks during meditation to 300 Hz for the honeybee. Color fusion frequencies are lower than CFF. Time can be integrated up to 160 msec for luminance stimuli, whereas integration time is longer for color stimuli. When we view a sinusoidally flickering light with temporal frequency (TF) above CFF, the associated experience is invariant in a sense that we do not perceive any flicker and light appears like steady light. In other words, if we start from TF = 0 Hz to CFF, (i) we perceive first steady light at 0 Hz, (ii) then flicker-perception increases with increase of TF to maximum value at peak-TF and (iii) then flicker-perception decrease as we increase TF and (iv) eventually reaches flicker-perception of zero at CFF. However, CFF depends on internal and external context, i.e., it would be possible to alter the predictions of the values of peak-TF and CFF, but the above 4 steps will occur. It would be interesting to perform experiments related to the estimations of time at the above 4 crucial points. Our prediction is that phenomenal time (defined below) will be different (perhaps faster) at peak-TF than that at TF >CFF. Note that we perceive maximum flicker at peak-TF and no flicker at CFF.
+(D) Relative positions in time: These can be distinguished in two ways: (i) Each position is either Past, Present, or Future. This distinction varies continuously. (ii) Each position can be earlier or later than other positions. This distinction is permanent.
+(E) Cyclic and linear nature of time: Time can be cyclic (day ↔ night) or linear (future → present → past).
+(F) Subjective passage of time can be shorter or longer than physical time depending on the state of mind. Phenomenal time is defined as the subjective experience of time.2 It seems to speed up as we grow older, slow down in crisis, and slowing towards stopping, in some cases, such as at death, in near-death experience, meditation, and psychedelic drug use (Vimal & Davia, 2008). Furthermore, rather than focusing on the ability to detect change, insight into phenomenal time may come by focusing on the inability to detect change such as in CFF. Every phenomenal time may be an ‘occasion of experience’ or SE, for example, a Buddhist Monk who has CFF of 80 Hz may have SE every 12.5 msec, whereas a subject who has CFF of 60 Hz may have SE every 16.7 msec."<ref>Vimal, R. L., & Davia, C. J. (2010). Phenomenal Time and its Biological Correlates. Time & Consciousness, 1(5), 560-572. https://philpapers.org/archive/NIXTC#page=82</ref>
 ===Nonspecific studies (just mentions time distortion for the substance)===
 * [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.024 Journey through the K-hole: Phenomenological aspects of ketamine use]
 * [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.011 Methoxetamine – a novel recreational drug with potent hallucinogenic properties]
+* [https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_459 Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States]
+* [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_36 The Mushroom Psilocybin with Psychedelic Properties]
 * [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.583.1262&rep=rep1&type=pdf Phenomenology of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Use: A Thematic Analysis]
 * [https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.605661 Voice of the Psychonauts: Coping, Life Purpose, and Spirituality in Psychedelic Drug Users]
@@ Line 58: / Line 86: @@
 * [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05021-1 Adverse effects of cannabis]
 * [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.5019&rep=rep1&type=pdf Socio-cultural transformation and drug dependence in youth]
+===References===
+<references/>
 ==Trip report==
@@ Line 64: / Line 95: @@
 It's one of the only experience reports I've seen with time becoming non-linear, alongside the specifics of some DMT trips. Some limited exploration with psychedelics and maybe dissociatives has given me a strong interest in the way our mind perceives time, but it seems the common range of experiences doesn't reveal insight as fascinating as this report with recollections of "moments" that don't follow each other but instead connect to multiple others, I hope I experience this someday -- yokohama
-===References===
-<references/>