This is an unofficial archive of PsychonautWiki as of 2025-08-11T15:14:44Z. Content on this page may be outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate. Please refer to the original page for the most up-to-date information.
Talk:Time distortion: Difference between revisions
>Graham More neurology |
>Graham additional neurology |
||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
[[File:Microdose_LSD_time_dilation.png|800px|thumb|center|Temporal reproduction performance as a function of drug (placebo vs. LSD) (left) and dose (placebo vs. 5 vs. 10 vs. 20 μg) (right). Reproduction durations (top), beta coefficients from within-participant regression analyses of reproduction durations on stimulus intervals (insets), and reproduction variability (coefficient of variation; CV) (bottom). *p < .05, **p < .01<ref name="Yanakieva2018"/>]] | [[File:Microdose_LSD_time_dilation.png|800px|thumb|center|Temporal reproduction performance as a function of drug (placebo vs. LSD) (left) and dose (placebo vs. 5 vs. 10 vs. 20 μg) (right). Reproduction durations (top), beta coefficients from within-participant regression analyses of reproduction durations on stimulus intervals (insets), and reproduction variability (coefficient of variation; CV) (bottom). *p < .05, **p < .01<ref name="Yanakieva2018"/>]] | ||
=== | ===There exists different mechanisms to handle different intervals of time=== | ||
"The | "To date, alterations in time perception and performance in humans have been linked primarily to the dopamine system (O’Boyle et al., 1996; Rammsayer, 1999), specifically to the cortico-basal ganglia–thalamic–cortical loop representing the neuronal clock (Meck, 1996). Pharmacological studies on animals and humans also support the general hypothesis that fronto-striatal circuits are critical for temporal processing. Dopaminergic antagonists (like haloperidol) that affect the meso-striatal dopamine system disrupt temporal processing in healthy subjects (Rammsayer, 1999). Moreover, animal studies indicate that both dopaminergic agonists and antagonists influence timing processes, presumably by increasing and decreasing clock speed, respectively (Meck, 1996). Patients with Parkinson’s disease, who have decreased dopaminergic function in the basal ganglia, and particularly depleting input to the putamen, not only show deficits in motor timing but also in the discrimination of temporal intervals (O’Boyle et al., 1996; Hellström et al., 1997). Thus, intact dopamine neurotransmission within striatal and fronto-cortical sites is important for temporal processing, which is consistent with the notion that a cortico (SMA)-striato-thalamo-cortical system is involved in sensorimotor timing (Harrington et al., 2004)." | ||
"The higher the clock rate (presumed to be dependent on the effective dopamine level) the better the temporal resolution will be and the longer subjective estimates of duration (Church, 1984; Matell and Meck, 2004; Harrington et al., 2004; but see Ivry, 1996, who proposes the dominant role of cerebellar mechanisms). Recently, the association of dopaminergic gene loci with endophenotypes of cognitive functioning such as attention and the speed in motor timing was shown (Reuter et al., 2005). Pharmacological manipulations of the serotonin system, applying 5-HT agonists and antagonists, however, have also been shown to affect duration discrimination abilities in humans. Duration discrimination of small intervals with a base duration of 50 ms even improved slightly (Rammsayer, 1989)." | |||
"Indications exist that intervals below a time unit of approximately 2 to 3 seconds are processed differently from longer intervals (e.g. Woodrow, 1951; Fraisse, 1984; Pöppel, 1997; Wittmann, 1999). Typically, intervals up to 2 to 3 sec are reproduced accurately, whereas longer intervals tend to be underestimated (Kagerer et al., 2002). Subjects can accurately synchronize their motor actions to a sequence of tones presented with a frequency of approximately 1 to 2 Hz. The ability to synchronize these tones becomes more difficult with increasing inter-tone intervals and finally breaks down when intervals exceed durations of about 2 sec (Mates et al., 1994). Therefore, in the present study we aimed to investigate dose-dependent effects of psilocybin on temporal control of motor performance in sensorimotor tasks on time ranges below and above 2 to 3 seconds." | |||
"Several studies on timing point to a temporal-integration interval of approximately 2 to 3 sec that can be found in perception and motor performance (for reviews, see Fraisse, 1984; Pöppel, 1997; Wittmann, 1999). Durations of temporal intervals in the temporalreproduction task are estimated precisely with intervals up to approximately 2 to 3 sec, whereas longer intervals are substantially underestimated (Kagerer et al., 2002). A temporal limitation of anticipatory planning is also observed in the sensorimotor synchronization task. The ability to synchronize accurately becomes substantially weaker when the inter-stimulus interval is longer than 2 sec (Mates et al., 1994). Our pharmacological approach contributes to these findings, as psilocybin mildly affects only those intervals of longer duration in each task. One of the few time perception studies under LSD in humans adds to our results (Mitrani et al., 1977): subjects did not show distortions in the ability to identify durations of visual stimuli in the range between 300 ms and 1 sec although they reported changes in the subjective passage of time" | |||
"Converging evidence exists for the involvement of working memory in temporal reproduction. Processing of a secondary task that influences working-memory capacity interferes with the encoding and reproducing of durations in the domain of seconds (Fortin and Rousseau, 1998). Miyake et al. (2004) showed that a secondary working-memory task affected the accuracy of synchronization only with inter-stimulus intervals above 2 seconds. With inter-stimulus intervals below 2 seconds the memory task had no influence on performance. In a group of elderly subjects, working memory capacity correlated with performance in a temporal reproduction task with durations of 5 and 14 seconds (Baudouin et al., 2006). Frontal regions known to be closely linked with working-memory function, particularly dorsolateral and frontomedial cortices (Postle et al., 2000; Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Owen, 2000) are active during temporal reproductions of time intervals of a few seconds (Elbert et al., 1991; Volz et al., 2001; Monfort and | |||
Pouthas, 2003). Given the selective effect of psilocybin on the longer duration intervals in both the temporal reproduction and sensory synchronization tasks it seems that the temporal disturbance observed is induced through interference with cognitive processes like attention and working memory."<ref>Wittmann, M., Carter, O., Hasler, F., Cahn, B. R., Grimberg, U., Spring, P., ... & Vollenweider, F. X. (2007). Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 21(1), 50-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00736</ref> | |||
===On cannabis and time expansion=== | |||
"Aldrich (1944) observed a small change on the Seashore-Rhythm Scale, a result that was replicated with higher changes by Reed (1974). Music as a multi-dimensional auditory Zeitgestalt (Zuckerkandl 1963) takes place in time. Melges et al. (1970, 1971) explained cannabis-induced effects on time perception as a speeding up of the internal clock experienced as time expansion (see Tart 1971:89ff). Time expansion may temporarily allow increased insight into the “space between the notes” (Whiteley 1992). This might help experienced individuals (Becker 1953) perceive sound structure more effectively. " | |||
"The altered perception of time might be responsible. A typical effect of cannabis is that time is “expanded.” Time seems to pass more quickly than shown by the clock (Jones and Stone 1970; Mathew et al. 1998; Tart 1971). This effect is possibly a key to understanding the experience of an unobstructed flow of information. Within the “broader” measurement units (Fachner 2000a) of the aforementioned metaphoric “auditory rubber ruler,” progressively smaller units seem possible. (...) | |||
There is a feeling of time being stretched or expanded or perceived as slowed down or sped up. Ninety percent of 151 participants of Charles Tart’s study, “On Being Stoned,” agreed with the following statement: “Time passes very slowly; things go on for the longest time (e.g., one side of a record seems to play for hours)” (Tart 1971). In most experiments, stoned subjects failed to reproduce a correct metric counting of time intervals, and tended to expand the estimated units. Jones reported that a 15-second time interval was expanded to a mean of 16.7 seconds, with deviation up to 19 seconds estimated under the influence of oral THC, while being counted correctly in normal state (Jones and Stone 1970). A reverse relationship also occurs. Melges et al. said a speeding-up of the | |||
inner clock was responsible for expanded and slowed perception of chronological time and for producing temporal disintegration failures. “A subject becomes less able to integrate past, present and future, his awareness becomes more concentrated on present events; these instances, in turn, are experienced as prolonged or timeless when they appear isolated from the continual progression of time,” they concluded (Melges et al. 1971:566). This brings to mind some of the counter-culture focus on a “here and now” feeling." | |||
"cannabis changes the intensity graduation of sensory data (Fachner 2002b). This appears plausible if we look at the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors recently detected in the human brain (Joy et al. 1999). In those regions of midbrain and cerebellum that mainly coordinate feelings of intensity, and selective temporal and motor processes, there is a proportionally higher agglomeration of cannabinoid receptors. Another brain imaging study of time perception correlated cannabis and changes of blood flow in the cerebellum (Mathew et al. 1998). Cannabis consumption stimulates the activity of such receptors temporarily, and the functional consequence is a changed graduation of musical parameters. Obviously, these processes are far more complex than described here, but a stimulation of cannabinoid receptors may explain the changes discovered above."<ref>Fachner, J. (2006). An Ethno‐Methodological Approach to Cannabis and Music Perception, with EEG Brain Mapping in a Naturalistic Setting. Anthropology of Consciousness, 17(2), 78-103. https://doi.org/10.1525/ac.2006.17.2.78</ref> | |||
"Weakening of hippocampal censorship function and overload competing of neuronal conceptualizations during information selection (Emrich et al. 1991) might be connected to cannabis-induced prolonged time estimation and intensity scaling. This metric reference promotes functions of a divergent cognitive strategy to overlook the Gestalten of musical holonomic symbolization on one hand and to lose track (Webster 2001) on the other, because convergent perception of sequential information parts is reduced. Mathew reported a cannabis-induced change of time sense CBF correlated with changes of cerebellum blood flow (Mathew et al. 1998). Cerebellum is associated with movement organization and time-keeping functions."<ref>Fachner, J. (2002). Topographic EEG changes accompanying cannabis-induced alteration of music perception—Cannabis as a hearing aid?. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 2(2), 3-36. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n02_02</ref> | |||
===More evidence for endogenous neurochemical systems that regulate this effect=== | ===More evidence for endogenous neurochemical systems that regulate this effect=== | ||
| Line 16: | Line 37: | ||
"Extending Strassman’s (2001) proposal, it is suggested here that time and the way it is regulated neurochemically is responsible for the perception of interpersonal boundaries. These boundaries include age, gender, family relationships across generations, the boundary between life and death, and time pressure (or sense of being busy). When these boundaries are transcended with the use of psychedelics, we encounter fusion of self with other. It is here that one person’s consciousness may become temporally located at overlapping levels of reality."<ref>Dawson, K. A. (2005). A psychedelic neurochemistry of time. http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v15n1/pncot.pdf</ref> | "Extending Strassman’s (2001) proposal, it is suggested here that time and the way it is regulated neurochemically is responsible for the perception of interpersonal boundaries. These boundaries include age, gender, family relationships across generations, the boundary between life and death, and time pressure (or sense of being busy). When these boundaries are transcended with the use of psychedelics, we encounter fusion of self with other. It is here that one person’s consciousness may become temporally located at overlapping levels of reality."<ref>Dawson, K. A. (2005). A psychedelic neurochemistry of time. http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v15n1/pncot.pdf</ref> | ||
===Psychedelic effects can be produced by sensory overload in about 40% of normal subjects. Subjects tend to experience time as "speeded up" in sensory overload and "slowed down" in sensory deprivation as compared to the normal control condition=== | |||
"The potential for SD[sensory deprivation] to produce alterations in consciousness (eg, greater visual imagery, hallucinations, time distortion, etc) is well recognized, but to date little is experimentally known about the ability for SO to do likewise. So far, with the experimental paradigm employed, we have found in fact that SO[sensory overload] may produce mild to profound distortions in reality testing or "psychedelic" effects in about 40% of the normal subjects. For purposes of illustration, several verbatim excerpts from interviews conducted immediately after exposure to SO are presented."<ref>Ludwig, A. M. (1971). Self-regulation of the sensory environment: Conceptual model and potential clinical applications. Archives of general psychiatry, 25(5), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750170029006</ref> | |||
===Time effects analysis=== | ===Time effects analysis=== | ||
| Line 33: | Line 57: | ||
* [https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt1973143353 Delta-8- and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Comparison in man by oral and intravenous administration] | * [https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt1973143353 Delta-8- and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Comparison in man by oral and intravenous administration] | ||
* [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05021-1 Adverse effects of cannabis] | * [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05021-1 Adverse effects of cannabis] | ||
* [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.5019&rep=rep1&type=pdf Socio-cultural transformation and drug dependence in youth] | |||
==Trip report== | ==Trip report== | ||
| Line 39: | Line 64: | ||
It's one of the only experience reports I've seen with time becoming non-linear, alongside the specifics of some DMT trips. Some limited exploration with psychedelics and maybe dissociatives has given me a strong interest in the way our mind perceives time, but it seems the common range of experiences doesn't reveal insight as fascinating as this report with recollections of "moments" that don't follow each other but instead connect to multiple others, I hope I experience this someday -- yokohama | It's one of the only experience reports I've seen with time becoming non-linear, alongside the specifics of some DMT trips. Some limited exploration with psychedelics and maybe dissociatives has given me a strong interest in the way our mind perceives time, but it seems the common range of experiences doesn't reveal insight as fascinating as this report with recollections of "moments" that don't follow each other but instead connect to multiple others, I hope I experience this someday -- yokohama | ||
===References=== | |||
<references/> | |||