GHB: Difference between revisions

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==Toxicity and harm potential==

[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of GHB<ref>Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644</ref>]]

GHB is considered as a very safe, benign and non toxic substance when used responsibly. As an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism and a natural neurotransmitter, it is well-known to the brain and organs. They are used to its effects and have highly efficient systems for metabolizing it safely.<ref> Psychotherapeutic Drugs. 1340-1375. Bibliographic information missing.</ref> The substance is eliminated (that is, back to baseline levels) in 2-4 hours and continues to be so even after twice-daily doses for a week.<ref>Ferrara, SD. Zotti, S. Tedeschi, L. Frison, G. Palatini, P. et al.. "Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent. . .". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992. 34. 231-235. R 31 B 93. . </ref> In one European study, no adverse effects were reported after several years of hypnotic* use.<ref>Laborit H . "Correlations between protein and serotonin synthesis during various activities of the central nervous system (slow and desynchronized sleep, learning and memory, sexual activity, morphine tolerance, aggressiveness, and pharmacological action of sodium ga. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. 1972. 3(1). </ref> The LD50 is far above the active dosage, and there is literally no danger of acute toxicity.

GHB is considered as a very safe, benign and non toxic substance when used responsibly. As an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism and a natural neurotransmitter, it is well-known to the brain and organs. They are used to its effects and have highly efficient systems for metabolizing it safely.<ref> Psychotherapeutic Drugs. 1340-1375. Bibliographic information missing.</ref> The substance is eliminated (that is, back to baseline levels) in 2-4 hours and continues to be so even after twice-daily doses for a week.<ref>Ferrara, SD. Zotti, S. Tedeschi, L. Frison, G. Palatini, P. et al.. "Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent. . .". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992. 34. 231-235. R 31 B 93. . </ref> In one European study, no adverse effects were reported after several years of regular recreational use.<ref>Laborit H . "Correlations between protein and serotonin synthesis during various activities of the central nervous system (slow and desynchronized sleep, learning and memory, sexual activity, morphine tolerance, aggressiveness, and pharmacological action of sodium ga. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. 1972. 3(1). </ref> The LD50 is far above the active dosage, and there is literally no danger of acute toxicity.

Although GHB is thought to be perfectly safe to use on a semi regular basis at reasonable dosages. In multiple studies, excessive GHB use for extended periods of time has been found to impair spatial memory, working memory, learning and memory in rats with chronic administration.<ref>Adolescent γ-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009130570400320X</ref><ref>Effects of subchronic administration of gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) on spatial working memory in rats | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296081</ref><ref>γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid–Induced Cognitive Deficits in the Female Adolescent Rat | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1196/annals.1432.044/abstract</ref><ref>Neurotoxic effects induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in male rats | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=6137924</ref>

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 ==Toxicity and harm potential==
 [[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of GHB<ref>Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644</ref>]]
-GHB is considered as a very safe, benign and non toxic substance when used responsibly. As an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism and a natural neurotransmitter, it is well-known to the brain and organs. They are used to its effects and have highly efficient systems for metabolizing it safely.<ref> Psychotherapeutic Drugs. 1340-1375. Bibliographic information missing.</ref> The substance is eliminated (that is, back to baseline levels) in 2-4 hours and continues to be so even after twice-daily doses for a week.<ref>Ferrara, SD. Zotti, S. Tedeschi, L. Frison, G. Palatini, P. et al.. "Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent. . .". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992. 34. 231-235. R 31 B 93. . </ref> In one European study, no adverse effects were reported after several years of hypnotic* use.<ref>Laborit H . "Correlations between protein and serotonin synthesis during various activities of the central nervous system (slow and desynchronized sleep, learning and memory, sexual activity, morphine tolerance, aggressiveness, and pharmacological action of sodium ga. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. 1972. 3(1). </ref> The LD50 is far above the active dosage, and there is literally no danger of acute toxicity.
+GHB is considered as a very safe, benign and non toxic substance when used responsibly. As an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism and a natural neurotransmitter, it is well-known to the brain and organs. They are used to its effects and have highly efficient systems for metabolizing it safely.<ref> Psychotherapeutic Drugs. 1340-1375. Bibliographic information missing.</ref> The substance is eliminated (that is, back to baseline levels) in 2-4 hours and continues to be so even after twice-daily doses for a week.<ref>Ferrara, SD. Zotti, S. Tedeschi, L. Frison, G. Palatini, P. et al.. "Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent. . .". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992. 34. 231-235. R 31 B 93. . </ref> In one European study, no adverse effects were reported after several years of regular recreational use.<ref>Laborit H . "Correlations between protein and serotonin synthesis during various activities of the central nervous system (slow and desynchronized sleep, learning and memory, sexual activity, morphine tolerance, aggressiveness, and pharmacological action of sodium ga. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. 1972. 3(1). </ref> The LD50 is far above the active dosage, and there is literally no danger of acute toxicity.
 Although GHB is thought to be perfectly safe to use on a semi regular basis at reasonable dosages. In multiple studies, excessive GHB use for extended periods of time has been found to impair spatial memory, working memory, learning and memory in rats with chronic administration.<ref>Adolescent γ-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009130570400320X</ref><ref>Effects of subchronic administration of gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) on spatial working memory in rats | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296081</ref><ref>γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid–Induced Cognitive Deficits in the Female Adolescent Rat | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1196/annals.1432.044/abstract</ref><ref>Neurotoxic effects induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in male rats | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=6137924</ref>