Salvinorin A: Difference between revisions

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'''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|''Salvia ~~divinorum~~'']], a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an [[entheogen]] by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring [[hallucinogens]] (such as [[DMT]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]) because it contains no nitrogen atoms, making it a [[Chemical class::terpenoid]] and not an [[alkaloid]] as is the norm. This means it cannot be rendered as a salt.

'''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|''Salvia Divinorum'']], a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an [[entheogen]] by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring [[hallucinogens]] (such as [[DMT]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]) because it contains no nitrogen atoms, making it a [[Chemical class::terpenoid]] and not an [[alkaloid]] as is the norm. This means it cannot be rendered as a salt.

It also differs in subjective experience compared to other [[Psychoactive class::hallucinogen]]s, and has been described as an atypical [[psychedelic]] although this formal classification is debatable.{{citation needed}}

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==Pharmacology==

Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT2A receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of ~~salvinorin~~ A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a ~~quaternary~~ carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, ~~salvinorin~~ A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor.

Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT2A receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of Salvinorin A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a guaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, Salvinorin A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor.

Salvinorin A also acts as a potent agonist at [[dopamine|D2]] receptors,<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/syn.20647</ref> which may be partially responsible for its hallucinogenic effects.

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* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Salvia_divinorum.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Salvia]

==Salvia ~~divinorum~~==

==Salvia Divinorum==

[[File:Salvia-divinorum-plants.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The leaves of a Salvia divinorum plant]]

'''''Salvia ~~divinorum~~''''' (also known as '''Diviner's Sage''', '''Ska María Pastora''', '''Seer's Sage''', and by its genus name '''''Salvia''''') is a psychoactive plant which is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is within Cloud Forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high and has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. {{citation needed}}

'''''Salvia Divinorum''''' (also known as '''Diviner's Sage''', '''Ska María Pastora''', '''Seer's Sage''', and by its genus name '''''Salvia''''') is a psychoactive plant which is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is within Cloud Forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high and has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. {{citation needed}}

===Forms of ~~salvia divinorum~~===

===Forms of Salvia Divinorum===

====='''Fresh leaf''' (sublingual)=====

The fresh leaf is typically used for making a quid of leaves and is held under the tongue for [[Routes of administration#Sublingual|sublingual absorption]]. Fresh leaf is preferred for sublingual absorption because it does not break up in one's mouth and is easier to chew. If one plans to use dried leaf for a quid, they should soak them in water for at least ten minutes otherwise ingestion can become highly unpleasant. Soaking the dried leaf in water can also cause it to lose potency.

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====='''Tincture'''=====

This is made by dissolving pure ~~salvinorin~~ A or a semi-pure form of it into ethyl alcohol. It is meant to be used sublingually by holding a certain amount under the tongue for a period of time. This type of preparation tends to cause longer but weaker effects. It's worth noting that holding strong tincture under the tongue for long periods of time can eventually cause blistering. It is sometimes best to dilute the pure tincture with water (although potency may be decreased).

This is made by dissolving pure Salvinorin A or a semi-pure form of it into ethyl alcohol. It is meant to be used sublingually by holding a certain amount under the tongue for a period of time. This type of preparation tends to cause longer but weaker effects. It's worth noting that holding strong tincture under the tongue for long periods of time can eventually cause blistering. It is sometimes best to dilute the pure tincture with water (although potency may be decreased).

====='''Tea'''=====

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== Other Salvinorin A Containing Plants ==

=== Salvia Recognita ===

[[File:~~http://gardenbreizh.org/modules/pix/cache/photos 290000/GBPIX photo 296125~~.jpg|thumb|Salvia Recognita]]

[[File:Salvia Recognita.jpg|thumb|Salvia Recognita]]

'''''Salvia Recognita''''' (also known as '''Salvia Recognita''', '''Turkish Cliff Sage''', is a psychoactive plant which is 10 times less than that of the potency of it's relative Salvia Divinorum. Its native habitat is at the base of cliffs in the central Turkey, where it grows in light shade at elevations of 4,000 feet. The plant grows up to a meter high and leafs that span from 3-4 inches to nearly 1 foot long, and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers. {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_recognita}

==Classification==

Currently, the scientific literature classifies ~~salvinorin~~ A as a [[hallucinogen]]. However, there is additional debate as to whether it can correctly be labeled as a [[dissociative]] or an atypical dissociative with some [[psychedelic]] and even [[deliriant|delirious]] qualities.{{citation needed}}

Currently, the scientific literature classifies Salvinorin A as a [[hallucinogen]]. However, there is additional debate as to whether it can correctly be labeled as a [[dissociative]] or an atypical dissociative with some [[psychedelic]] and even [[deliriant|delirious]] qualities.{{citation needed}}

Although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out-of-body experiences commonly reported with typical dissociatives ([[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s), this is arguably not sufficient so that it falls under the same classification. For example, the hallucinatory structures (although similar) are vastly different in their style and complexity. Alongside of this, the out-of-body experiences commonly reported with dissociatives are presumed to be triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors, the function of which in the human brain is almost entirely unknown.{{citation needed}}

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==Toxicity and harm potential==

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational ~~salvinorin~~ A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because ~~salvinorin~~ A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage.

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational Salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because Salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage.

Anecdotal evidence from those who have tried ~~salvinorin~~ A suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

Anecdotal evidence from those who have tried Salvinorin A suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

Due to its unusually potent and potentially overwhelming effects, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.

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==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Salvia divinorum (botany)|Salvia ~~divinorum~~]]

*[[Salvia divinorum (botany)|Salvia Divinorum]]

*[[Salvinorin B]]

*[[Hallucinogens]]

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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A Salvinorin A (Wikipedia)]

*[https://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/ Salvia (Erowid Vault)]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_recognita Salvia Recognita (Wikipedia)]

===Discussion===

*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/359879-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Salvia-Thread-Second-iteration The Big & Dandy Salvia Thread - Second iteration (Bluelight)]

*[https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=4823 Salvinorin Analogues; Beyond Salvinorin A (DMT Nexus)]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_recognita Salvia Recognita (Wikipedia)]

==Literature==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{SubstanceBox/Salvia}}
-'''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|''Salvia divinorum'']], a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an [[entheogen]] by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring [[hallucinogens]] (such as [[DMT]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]) because it contains no nitrogen atoms, making it a [[Chemical class::terpenoid]] and not an [[alkaloid]] as is the norm. This means it cannot be rendered as a salt.
+'''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|''Salvia Divinorum'']], a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an [[entheogen]] by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring [[hallucinogens]] (such as [[DMT]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]) because it contains no nitrogen atoms, making it a [[Chemical class::terpenoid]] and not an [[alkaloid]] as is the norm. This means it cannot be rendered as a salt.
 It also differs in subjective experience compared to other [[Psychoactive class::hallucinogen]]s, and has been described as an atypical [[psychedelic]] although this formal classification is debatable.{{citation needed}}
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ==Pharmacology==
-Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of salvinorin A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a quaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, salvinorin A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor.
+Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of Salvinorin A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a guaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, Salvinorin A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor.
 Salvinorin A also acts as a potent agonist at [[dopamine|D<sub>2</sub>]] receptors,<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/syn.20647</ref> which may be partially responsible for its hallucinogenic effects.
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 * [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Salvia_divinorum.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Salvia]
-==Salvia divinorum==
+==Salvia Divinorum==
 [[File:Salvia-divinorum-plants.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The leaves of a Salvia divinorum plant]]
-'''''Salvia divinorum''''' (also known as '''Diviner's Sage''', '''Ska María Pastora''', '''Seer's Sage''', and by its genus name '''''Salvia''''') is a psychoactive plant which is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is within Cloud Forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high and has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. {{citation needed}}
+'''''Salvia Divinorum''''' (also known as '''Diviner's Sage''', '''Ska María Pastora''', '''Seer's Sage''', and by its genus name '''''Salvia''''') is a psychoactive plant which is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is within Cloud Forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high and has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. {{citation needed}}
-===Forms of salvia divinorum===
+===Forms of Salvia Divinorum===
 ====='''Fresh leaf''' (sublingual)=====
 The fresh leaf is typically used for making a quid of leaves and is held under the tongue for [[Routes of administration#Sublingual|sublingual absorption]]. Fresh leaf is preferred for sublingual absorption because it does not break up in one's mouth and is easier to chew. If one plans to use dried leaf for a quid, they should soak them in water for at least ten minutes otherwise ingestion can become highly unpleasant. Soaking the dried leaf in water can also cause it to lose potency.
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 ====='''Tincture'''=====
-This is made by dissolving pure salvinorin A or a semi-pure form of it into ethyl alcohol. It is meant to be used sublingually by holding a certain amount under the tongue for a period of time. This type of preparation tends to cause longer but weaker effects. It's worth noting that holding strong tincture under the tongue for long periods of time can eventually cause blistering. It is sometimes best to dilute the pure tincture with water (although potency may be decreased).
+This is made by dissolving pure Salvinorin A or a semi-pure form of it into ethyl alcohol. It is meant to be used sublingually by holding a certain amount under the tongue for a period of time. This type of preparation tends to cause longer but weaker effects. It's worth noting that holding strong tincture under the tongue for long periods of time can eventually cause blistering. It is sometimes best to dilute the pure tincture with water (although potency may be decreased).
 ====='''Tea'''=====
@@ Line 127: / Line 127: @@
 == Other Salvinorin A Containing Plants ==
 === Salvia Recognita ===
-[[File:http://gardenbreizh.org/modules/pix/cache/photos 290000/GBPIX photo 296125.jpg|thumb|Salvia Recognita]]
+[[File:Salvia Recognita.jpg|thumb|Salvia Recognita]]
 '''''Salvia Recognita''''' (also known as '''Salvia Recognita''', '''Turkish Cliff Sage''', is a psychoactive plant which is 10 times less than that of the potency of it's relative Salvia Divinorum. Its native habitat is at the base of cliffs in the  central Turkey, where it grows in light shade at elevations of 4,000 feet. The plant grows up to a meter high and leafs that span from 3-4 inches to nearly 1 foot long, and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers. {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_recognita}
 ==Classification==
-Currently, the scientific literature classifies salvinorin A as a [[hallucinogen]]. However, there is additional debate as to whether it can correctly be labeled as a [[dissociative]] or an atypical dissociative with some [[psychedelic]] and even [[deliriant|delirious]] qualities.{{citation needed}}
+Currently, the scientific literature classifies Salvinorin A as a [[hallucinogen]]. However, there is additional debate as to whether it can correctly be labeled as a [[dissociative]] or an atypical dissociative with some [[psychedelic]] and even [[deliriant|delirious]] qualities.{{citation needed}}
 Although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out-of-body experiences commonly reported with typical dissociatives ([[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s), this is arguably not sufficient so that it falls under the same classification. For example, the hallucinatory structures (although similar) are vastly different in their style and complexity. Alongside of this, the out-of-body experiences commonly reported with dissociatives are presumed to be triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors, the function of which in the human brain is almost entirely unknown.{{citation needed}}
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 ==Toxicity and harm potential==
-The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage.
+The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational Salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because Salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage.
-Anecdotal evidence from those who have tried salvinorin A suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
+Anecdotal evidence from those who have tried Salvinorin A suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
 Due to its unusually potent and potentially overwhelming effects, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
-*[[Salvia divinorum (botany)|Salvia divinorum]]
+*[[Salvia divinorum (botany)|Salvia Divinorum]]
 *[[Salvinorin B]]
 *[[Hallucinogens]]
@@ Line 183: / Line 183: @@
 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A Salvinorin A (Wikipedia)]
 *[https://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/ Salvia (Erowid Vault)]
+*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_recognita Salvia Recognita (Wikipedia)]
 ===Discussion===
 *[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/359879-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Salvia-Thread-Second-iteration The Big & Dandy Salvia Thread - Second iteration (Bluelight)]
 *[https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=4823 Salvinorin Analogues; Beyond Salvinorin A (DMT Nexus)]
-*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_recognita Salvia Recognita (Wikipedia)]
 ==Literature==