Anxiety: Difference between revisions

'''Anxiety''' is the experience of negative feelings of apprehension, worry, and general unease.<ref name="DSM5GlossaryAnxiety">{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=189-190|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref> These feelings can range from subtle and ignorable to intense and overwhelming enough to trigger panic attacks or feelings of impending doom. Anxiety is often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and muscular tension.<ref name="DSM5AnxietyDisorders>{{cite journal|title=Anxiety Disorders|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=818|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05}}</ref>

''Fear'' is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas ''anxiety'' is anticipation of future threat. Obviously, these two states overlap, but they also differ, with fear more often associated with surges of autonomic arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediate danger, and escape behaviors, and anxiety more often associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger and cautious or avoidant behaviors.<ref name="DSM5AnxietyDisorders"/><ref name="BarkusMcHugh2010">{{cite journal|last1=Barkus|first1=Christopher|last2=McHugh|first2=Stephen B.|last3=Sprengel|first3=Rolf|last4=Seeburg|first4=Peter H.|last5=Rawlins|first5=J. Nicholas P.|last6=Bannerman|first6=David M.|title=Hippocampal NMDA receptors and anxiety: At the interface between cognition and emotion|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=626|issue=1|year=2010|pages=49–56|issn=00142999|doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.014}}</ref> This focus of anticipated danger may be internally or externally derived.<ref name="DSM5GlossaryAnxiety"/>

Psychoactive substance-induced anxiety can be caused as an inescapable effect of the drug itself,<ref name="DSM5AnxietyDisorders"/> by a lack of experience with the substance or its intensity, as an enhancement of a pre-existing state of mind, or by the experience of negative hallucinations.  

Anxiety is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[depression]] and [[irritability]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[cannabinoids]],<ref name="CrippaZuardi2009">{{cite journal|last1=Crippa|first1=José Alexandre|last2=Zuardi|first2=Antonio Waldo|last3=Martín-Santos|first3=Rocio|last4=Bhattacharyya|first4=Sagnik|last5=Atakan|first5=Zerrin|last6=McGuire|first6=Philip|last7=Fusar-Poli|first7=Paolo|title=Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence|journal=Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental|volume=24|issue=7|year=2009|pages=515–523|issn=08856222|doi=10.1002/hup.1048}}</ref> [[psychedelics]],<ref name="WolbachMiner1962">{{cite journal|last1=Wolbach|first1=A. B.|last2=Miner|first2=E. J.|last3=Isbell|first3=Harris|title=Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline and LSD-25|journal=Psychopharmacologia|volume=3|issue=3|year=1962|pages=219–223|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/BF00412109}}</ref> [[dissociatives]], and [[deliriants]].<ref>Datura effects (Erowid) | https://erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_effects.shtml</ref> However, it can also occur during the withdrawal symptoms of [[GABAergic]] [[depressants]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rebound anxiety in anxious patients after abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine treatment|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=141|issue=7|year=1984|pages=848–852|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.141.7.848}}</ref> and during [[stimulant]] comedowns.<ref name="Williamson1997">{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=S|title=Adverse effects of stimulant drugs in a community sample of drug users|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=44|issue=2-3|year=1997|pages=87–94|issn=03768716|doi=10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01324-5}}</ref></onlyinclude>