Anxiety: Difference between revisions

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'''Anxiety''' can be described as negative feelings of apprehension, worry, and general unease.~~<ref>Anxiety definition (medical dictionary) | https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anxiety</ref>~~<ref>Anxiety definition (American Psychology Association) | http://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/</ref> These feelings can range from subtle and ignorable to intense and overwhelming enough to trigger panic attacks or feelings of impending doom. Anxiety is often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as ~~rumination~~, ~~fretting~~, ~~restlessness~~, and muscular tension. ~~As an emotion it is considered as distinct from fear in that feelings~~ of ~~anxiety are usually an exaggerated emotional response to an undesirable situation~~.

'''Anxiety''' can be described as negative feelings of apprehension, worry, and general unease.<ref>Anxiety definition (American Psychology Association) | http://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/</ref> These feelings can range from subtle and ignorable to intense and overwhelming enough to trigger panic attacks or feelings of impending doom. Anxiety is often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and muscular tension.<ref name="DSM5">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 189-190. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9781585624836.jb05</ref>

Psychoactive substance-induced anxiety can be caused as an inescapable effect of the drug itself, by a lack of experience with the substance or its intensity, as an enhancement of a pre-existing state of mind, or by the experience of negative hallucinations.

''Fear'' is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas ''anxiety'' is anticipation of future threat. Obviously, these two states overlap, but they also differ, with fear more often associated with surges of autonomic arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediate danger, and escape behaviors, and anxiety more often associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger and cautious or avoidant behaviors.<ref name="DSM5"/>

Psychoactive substance-induced anxiety can be caused as an inescapable effect of the drug itself,<ref name="DSM5"/> by a lack of experience with the substance or its intensity, as an enhancement of a pre-existing state of mind, or by the experience of negative hallucinations.

Anxiety is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[depression]] and [[irritability]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[cannabinoids]],<ref>Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín‐Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048</ref> [[psychedelics]],<ref>Wolbach, A. B., Miner, E. J., & Isbell, H. (1962). Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline and LSD-25. Psychopharmacology, 3(3), 219-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00412109</ref> [[dissociatives]], and [[deliriants]].<ref>Datura effects (Erowid) | https://erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_effects.shtml</ref> However, it can also occur during the withdrawal symptoms of [[GABAergic]] [[depressants]]<ref>Fontaine, R., Chouinard, G., & Annable, L. (1984). Rebound anxiety in anxious patients after abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine treatment. Am J Psychiatry, 141(7), 848-852. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.141.7.848</ref> and during [[stimulant]] comedowns.<ref>Williamson, S., Gossop, M., Powis, B., Griffiths, P., Fountain, J., & Strang, J. (1997). Adverse effects of stimulant drugs in a community sample of drug users. Drug and alcohol dependence, 44(2-3), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01324-5</ref></onlyinclude>

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-'''Anxiety''' can be described as negative feelings of apprehension, worry, and general unease.<ref>Anxiety definition (medical dictionary) | https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anxiety</ref><ref>Anxiety definition (American Psychology Association) | http://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/</ref> These feelings can range from subtle and ignorable to intense and overwhelming enough to trigger panic attacks or feelings of impending doom. Anxiety is often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as rumination, fretting, restlessness, and muscular tension. As an emotion it is considered as distinct from fear in that feelings of anxiety are usually an exaggerated emotional response to an undesirable situation.
+'''Anxiety''' can be described as negative feelings of apprehension, worry, and general unease.<ref>Anxiety definition (American Psychology Association) | http://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/</ref> These feelings can range from subtle and ignorable to intense and overwhelming enough to trigger panic attacks or feelings of impending doom. Anxiety is often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and muscular tension.<ref name="DSM5">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 189-190. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9781585624836.jb05</ref>
-Psychoactive substance-induced anxiety can be caused as an inescapable effect of the drug itself, by a lack of experience with the substance or its intensity, as an enhancement of a pre-existing state of mind, or by the experience of negative hallucinations.
+''Fear'' is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas ''anxiety'' is anticipation of future threat. Obviously, these two states overlap, but they also differ, with fear more often associated with surges of autonomic arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediate danger, and escape behaviors, and anxiety more often associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger and cautious or avoidant behaviors.<ref name="DSM5"/>
+Psychoactive substance-induced anxiety can be caused as an inescapable effect of the drug itself,<ref name="DSM5"/> by a lack of experience with the substance or its intensity, as an enhancement of a pre-existing state of mind, or by the experience of negative hallucinations.
 Anxiety is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[depression]] and [[irritability]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[cannabinoids]],<ref>Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín‐Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048</ref> [[psychedelics]],<ref>Wolbach, A. B., Miner, E. J., & Isbell, H. (1962). Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline and LSD-25. Psychopharmacology, 3(3), 219-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00412109</ref> [[dissociatives]], and [[deliriants]].<ref>Datura effects (Erowid) | https://erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_effects.shtml</ref> However, it can also occur during the withdrawal symptoms of [[GABAergic]] [[depressants]]<ref>Fontaine, R., Chouinard, G., & Annable, L. (1984). Rebound anxiety in anxious patients after abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine treatment. Am J Psychiatry, 141(7), 848-852. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.141.7.848</ref> and during [[stimulant]] comedowns.<ref>Williamson, S., Gossop, M., Powis, B., Griffiths, P., Fountain, J., & Strang, J. (1997). Adverse effects of stimulant drugs in a community sample of drug users. Drug and alcohol dependence, 44(2-3), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01324-5</ref></onlyinclude>