After images: Difference between revisions

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'''After images''' (also known as '''palinopsia''') are visual perceptions which continue to appear in one's vision after exposure to the original image has ceased.<ref>PALINOPSIA | https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-abstract/91/2/321/265532?redirectedFrom=fulltext</ref><ref>Kleinman, J. E., Gillin, J. C., & Wyatt, R. J. (1977). A comparison of the phenomenology of hallucinogens and schizophrenia from some autobiographical accounts. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 3(4), 562. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/3.4.560</ref><ref name="VisualPhen">Abraham, H. D. (1983). Visual phenomenology of the LSD flashback. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 40(8), 886-887. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/493119</ref> A common form of after image is the bright glow that seems to float in one's vision after looking into a light source for a few seconds. This effect is similar to [[tracers]], but differs in that it does not create smooth blurs behind moving objects.

During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, still ~~overlayed~~ images of ~~moving objects are commonly left in place of where the object once was~~.<ref name="25B">Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Stefanidou, M., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2015). 25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers. Forensic Toxicology, 33(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9</ref><ref name="Visual_Function_1988">Abraham, H. D., & Wolf, E. (1988). Visual function in past users of LSD: Psychophysical findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(4), 443. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.443</ref><ref>Kawasaki, A., & Purvin, V. (1996). Persistent palinopsia following ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Archives of Ophthalmology, 114(1), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130045007</ref><ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become ~~less distinct~~ the ~~further away they are from~~ the ~~moving~~ object~~'s current position~~. Another manifestation of this effect ~~can be described as~~ being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.

During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, moving objects can produce a trail of overlayed, still images behind their path of motion.<ref name="25B">Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Stefanidou, M., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2015). 25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers. Forensic Toxicology, 33(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9</ref><ref name="Visual_Function_1988">Abraham, H. D., & Wolf, E. (1988). Visual function in past users of LSD: Psychophysical findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(4), 443. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.443</ref><ref>Kawasaki, A., & Purvin, V. (1996). Persistent palinopsia following ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Archives of Ophthalmology, 114(1), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130045007</ref><ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images of a moving object across one's visual field which become more faded the longer the duration since the object occupied that location in space. Another common manifestation of this effect is being able to see a residual image of the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.

After images are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[tracers]]<ref name="Visual_Function_1988"/><ref>Asher, H. (1971). Trailing” phenomenon–a long-lasting LSD side effect. Am J Psychiatry, 127(9), 1233-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.127.9.1233</ref><ref>Schwartz, K. (1997). Nefazodone and visual side effects. The American journal of psychiatry, 154(7), 1038. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9210763</ref> and [[drifting]].<ref name="25B"/> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].<ref>Lauterbach, E., Abdelhamid, A., & Annandale, J. B. (2000). Posthallucinogen-like visual illusions (palinopsia) with risperidone in a patient without previous hallucinogen exposure: possible relation to serotonin 5HT2a receptor blockade. Pharmacopsychiatry, 33(01), 38-41.https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8452</ref> However, trailing effects have also been experienced with other drugs of a very different pharmacology, such as GABA potentiators.<ref name="VisualTrails"/>

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 '''After images''' (also known as '''palinopsia''') are visual perceptions which continue to appear in one's vision after exposure to the original image has ceased.<ref>PALINOPSIA | https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-abstract/91/2/321/265532?redirectedFrom=fulltext</ref><ref>Kleinman, J. E., Gillin, J. C., & Wyatt, R. J. (1977). A comparison of the phenomenology of hallucinogens and schizophrenia from some autobiographical accounts. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 3(4), 562. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/3.4.560</ref><ref name="VisualPhen">Abraham, H. D. (1983). Visual phenomenology of the LSD flashback. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 40(8), 886-887. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/493119</ref> A common form of after image is the bright glow that seems to float in one's vision after looking into a light source for a few seconds. This effect is similar to [[tracers]], but differs in that it does not create smooth blurs behind moving objects.
-During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, still overlayed images of moving objects are commonly left in place of where the object once was.<ref name="25B">Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Stefanidou, M., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2015). 25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers. Forensic Toxicology, 33(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9</ref><ref name="Visual_Function_1988">Abraham, H. D., & Wolf, E. (1988). Visual function in past users of LSD: Psychophysical findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(4), 443. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.443</ref><ref>Kawasaki, A., & Purvin, V. (1996). Persistent palinopsia following ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Archives of Ophthalmology, 114(1), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130045007</ref><ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become less distinct the further away they are from the moving object's current position. Another manifestation of this effect can be described as being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.
+During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, moving objects can produce a trail of overlayed, still images behind their path of motion.<ref name="25B">Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Stefanidou, M., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2015). 25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers. Forensic Toxicology, 33(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9</ref><ref name="Visual_Function_1988">Abraham, H. D., & Wolf, E. (1988). Visual function in past users of LSD: Psychophysical findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(4), 443. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.443</ref><ref>Kawasaki, A., & Purvin, V. (1996). Persistent palinopsia following ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Archives of Ophthalmology, 114(1), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130045007</ref><ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images of a moving object across one's visual field which become more faded the longer the duration since the object occupied that location in space. Another common manifestation of this effect is being able to see a residual image of the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.
 After images are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[tracers]]<ref name="Visual_Function_1988"/><ref>Asher, H. (1971). Trailing” phenomenon–a long-lasting LSD side effect. Am J Psychiatry, 127(9), 1233-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.127.9.1233</ref><ref>Schwartz, K. (1997). Nefazodone and visual side effects. The American journal of psychiatry, 154(7), 1038. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9210763</ref> and [[drifting]].<ref name="25B"/> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].<ref>Lauterbach, E., Abdelhamid, A., & Annandale, J. B. (2000). Posthallucinogen-like visual illusions (palinopsia) with risperidone in a patient without previous hallucinogen exposure: possible relation to serotonin 5HT2a receptor blockade. Pharmacopsychiatry, 33(01), 38-41.https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8452</ref> However, trailing effects have also been experienced with other drugs of a very different pharmacology, such as GABA potentiators.<ref name="VisualTrails"/>