Visual acuity enhancement: Difference between revisions

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{{#ev:gfycat|https://giant.gfycat.com/IndolentDeliriousGiantschnauzer.webm|400x225|right|'''Visual acuity enhancement''' by '''[https://www.reddit.com/user/StingrayZ StingrayZ]''' - This animation serves as a replication of visual acuity enhancement, which is a common [[psychedelic]] effect. It demonstrates the general differences between normal vision and acuity enhancement by shifting between the two states. There is also a subtle amount of visual [[drifting]] within this replication.|frame}}

'''Acuity enhancement''' can be described as an enhancement of the clearness and clarity of vision. This results in the visual details of the external environment becoming sharpened to the point where the edges of objects become perceived as extremely focused, clear, and defined. The experience of acuity enhancement can be likened to bringing a camera or projector lens that was slightly blurry into focus. At its highest level, one may experience the perception that they can now observe and comprehend their entire visual field simultaneously, including their peripheral vision. This is in contrast to a sober person, who is typically only able to perceive the small area of central vision in detail.~~<ref>Fischer, R., Hill, R., Thatcher, K., & Scheib, J. (1970). Psilocybin-induced contraction of nearby visual space. Agents and actions, 1(4), 195.~~

'''Acuity enhancement''' can be described as an enhancement of the clearness and clarity of vision. This results in the visual details of the external environment becoming sharpened to the point where the edges of objects become perceived as extremely focused, clear, and defined. The experience of acuity enhancement can be likened to bringing a camera or projector lens that was slightly blurry into focus. At its highest level, one may experience the perception that they can now observe and comprehend their entire visual field simultaneously, including their peripheral vision. This is in contrast to a sober person, who is typically only able to perceive the small area of central vision in detail.<ref>Sardegna, Jill; Shelly, Susan; Rutzen, Allan Richard; Scott M Steidl (2002). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l7UN5asLD0cC&pg=PA253&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment. Infobase Publishing]. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8160-6623-0. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</ref>

~~https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01965761</ref>~~<ref>Sardegna, Jill; Shelly, Susan; Rutzen, Allan Richard; Scott M Steidl (2002). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l7UN5asLD0cC&pg=PA253&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment. Infobase Publishing]. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8160-6623-0. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</ref>

While under the influence of this effect, it is very common for people to suddenly notice patterns and details in the environment they may have never previously noticed or appreciated.~~<ref>Hill, R. M., & Fischer, R. (1971). Interpretation of visual space under drug-induced ergotropic and trophotropic arousal. Agents and actions, 2(3), 128.~~

While under the influence of this effect, it is very common for people to suddenly notice patterns and details in the environment they may have never previously noticed or appreciated. For example, when looking at sceneries, nature, and everyday textures the complexity and perceived beauty of the visual input often becomes suddenly obvious.

~~https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966750</ref>~~ For example, when looking at sceneries, nature, and everyday textures the complexity and perceived beauty of the visual input often becomes suddenly obvious.

Acuity enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[color enhancement]] and [[pattern recognition enhancement]].<ref>Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Stefanidou, M., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2015). 25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers. Forensic Toxicology, 33(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9</ref><ref>Bersani, F. S., Corazza, O., Albano, G., Valeriani, G., Santacroce, R., Bolzan Mariotti Posocco, F., ... & Schifano, F. (2014). 25C-NBOMe: preliminary data on pharmacology, psychoactive effects, and toxicity of a new potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug. BioMed Research International, 2014. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/734749</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#mild|mild]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of certain [[stimulants]] and [[dissociatives]] such as [[MDMA]] or [[3-MeO-PCP]].

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===Analysis===

It is thought that a fundamental feature of information-processing dysfunction in both hallucinogen-induced states and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is the inability of these people to screen out, inhibit, filter, or gate irrelevant stimuli and to attend selectively to more important features of the environment.~~<ref>Bleuler, E. Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien, 1st ed. Vienna: Deutike; 1911. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.5.661</ref>~~<ref>Karper, L. P.; Freeman, G. K.; Grillon, C.; Morgan, C. A.; Charney, D. S.; Krystal, J. H. Preliminary evidence of an association between sensorimotor gating and distractibility in psychosis. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 8:60–66; 1996. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.8.1.60</ref><ref>Karper, L. P.; Grillon, C.; Charney, D. S.; Krystal, J. H. The effect of ketamine on pre-pulse inhibition and attention. Neuropsychopharmacology 124; 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)95554-M</ref><ref>McGhie, A.; Chapman, J. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 34:103–116; 1961. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1961.tb00936.x~~</ref><ref>Scharfetter, C. Ego-pychopathology: The concept and its empirical evaluation. Psychol. Med. 11:273–280; 1981. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700052090~~</ref><ref>Vollenweider, F. X. Advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogen drug actions in humans: A preamble to schizophrenia research. Pharmacopsychiatry 31:92–103; 1998. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979353</ref>

It is thought that a fundamental feature of information-processing dysfunction in both hallucinogen-induced states and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is the inability of these people to screen out, inhibit, filter, or gate irrelevant stimuli and to attend selectively to more important features of the environment.<ref>Karper, L. P.; Freeman, G. K.; Grillon, C.; Morgan, C. A.; Charney, D. S.; Krystal, J. H. Preliminary evidence of an association between sensorimotor gating and distractibility in psychosis. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 8:60–66; 1996. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.8.1.60</ref><ref>McGhie, A.; Chapman, J. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 34:103–116; 1961. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1961.tb00936.x</ref><ref>Vollenweider, F. X. Advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogen drug actions in humans: A preamble to schizophrenia research. Pharmacopsychiatry 31:92–103; 1998. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979353</ref>

The CSTC model of the brain posits that the thalamus plays a key role in controlling or gating external sensory information to the conscious faculties and is thereby fundamentally involved in the regulation of a person's awareness and attention.<ref>Goddard, A. W.; Charney, D. S. Toward an integrated neurobiology of panic disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 58(suppl. 2):4–11; 1997. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-03330-001</ref><ref>Steriade, M.; Descheˆnes, M. Cellular thalamic mechanisms. In: Bentivoglio, M.; Spreafico, R., eds. Intrathalamic and brainstem-thalamic networks involved in resting and alert state. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1988:37–62. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10017402609/en/</ref><ref>Steriade, M.; McCormick, D. A.; Sejnowski, T. J. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 262:697–685; 1993. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235588</ref><ref>Vollenweider, F. X., & Geyer, M. A. (2001). A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses. Brain research bulletin, 56(5), 497-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3</ref> The interruption of psychedelics to these neural pathways that inhibit the sensory gating systems<ref name="Vollenweider1998">Vollenweider F. (1998). Recent advances and concepts in the search for biological correlates of hallucinogen-induced altered states of consciousness. Heffter Rev. Psychedel. Res. 1, 21–32. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10019112167/</ref><ref>Vollenweider F., Geyer M. (2001). A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug psychoses. Brain Res. Bull. 56, 495–507.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3</ref> may therefore result in an enhanced availability of sensory information which is normally filtered out by these systems. This process is likely involved in the various [[visual enhancements|visual]], [[tactile enhancement|tactile]], and [[auditory enhancement|auditory enhancements]] which commonly occur when under the influence of a psychedelic experience.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3</ref> may therefore result in an enhanced availability of sensory information which is normally filtered out by these systems. This process is likely also involved in the various [[visual enhancements|visual]], [[tactile enhancement|tactile]], and [[auditory enhancement|auditory enhancements]] which commonly occur when under the influence of a psychedelic experience.

===Psychoactive substances===

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 <onlyinclude>
 {{#ev:gfycat|https://giant.gfycat.com/IndolentDeliriousGiantschnauzer.webm|400x225|right|'''Visual acuity enhancement''' by '''[https://www.reddit.com/user/StingrayZ StingrayZ]''' - This animation serves as a replication of visual acuity enhancement, which is a common [[psychedelic]] effect. It demonstrates the general differences between normal vision and acuity enhancement by shifting between the two states. There is also a subtle amount of visual [[drifting]] within this replication.|frame}}
-'''Acuity enhancement''' can be described as an enhancement of the clearness and clarity of vision. This results in the visual details of the external environment becoming sharpened to the point where the edges of objects become perceived as extremely focused, clear, and defined. The experience of acuity enhancement can be likened to bringing a camera or projector lens that was slightly blurry into focus. At its highest level, one may experience the perception that they can now observe and comprehend their entire visual field simultaneously, including their peripheral vision. This is in contrast to a sober person, who is typically only able to perceive the small area of central vision in detail.<ref>Fischer, R., Hill, R., Thatcher, K., & Scheib, J. (1970). Psilocybin-induced contraction of nearby visual space. Agents and actions, 1(4), 195.
+'''Acuity enhancement''' can be described as an enhancement of the clearness and clarity of vision. This results in the visual details of the external environment becoming sharpened to the point where the edges of objects become perceived as extremely focused, clear, and defined. The experience of acuity enhancement can be likened to bringing a camera or projector lens that was slightly blurry into focus. At its highest level, one may experience the perception that they can now observe and comprehend their entire visual field simultaneously, including their peripheral vision. This is in contrast to a sober person, who is typically only able to perceive the small area of central vision in detail.<ref>Sardegna, Jill; Shelly, Susan; Rutzen, Allan Richard; Scott M Steidl (2002). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l7UN5asLD0cC&pg=PA253&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment. Infobase Publishing]. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8160-6623-0. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</ref>
-https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01965761</ref><ref>Sardegna, Jill; Shelly, Susan; Rutzen, Allan Richard; Scott M Steidl (2002). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l7UN5asLD0cC&pg=PA253&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment. Infobase Publishing]. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8160-6623-0. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</ref>
-While under the influence of this effect, it is very common for people to suddenly notice patterns and details in the environment they may have never previously noticed or appreciated.<ref>Hill, R. M., & Fischer, R. (1971). Interpretation of visual space under drug-induced ergotropic and trophotropic arousal. Agents and actions, 2(3), 128.
+While under the influence of this effect, it is very common for people to suddenly notice patterns and details in the environment they may have never previously noticed or appreciated. For example, when looking at sceneries, nature, and everyday textures the complexity and perceived beauty of the visual input often becomes suddenly obvious.
-https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966750</ref> For example, when looking at sceneries, nature, and everyday textures the complexity and perceived beauty of the visual input often becomes suddenly obvious.
 Acuity enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[color enhancement]] and [[pattern recognition enhancement]].<ref>Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Stefanidou, M., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2015). 25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers. Forensic Toxicology, 33(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9</ref><ref>Bersani, F. S., Corazza, O., Albano, G., Valeriani, G., Santacroce, R., Bolzan Mariotti Posocco, F., ... & Schifano, F. (2014). 25C-NBOMe: preliminary data on pharmacology, psychoactive effects, and toxicity of a new potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug. BioMed Research International, 2014. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/734749</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#mild|mild]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of certain [[stimulants]] and [[dissociatives]] such as [[MDMA]] or [[3-MeO-PCP]].
@@ Line 14: / Line 12: @@
 </onlyinclude>
 ===Analysis===
-It is thought that a fundamental feature of information-processing dysfunction in both hallucinogen-induced states and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is the inability of these people to screen out, inhibit, filter, or gate irrelevant stimuli and to attend selectively to more important features of the environment.<ref>Bleuler, E. Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien, 1st ed. Vienna: Deutike; 1911. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.5.661</ref><ref>Karper, L. P.; Freeman, G. K.; Grillon, C.; Morgan, C. A.; Charney, D. S.; Krystal, J. H. Preliminary evidence of an association between sensorimotor gating and distractibility in psychosis. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 8:60–66; 1996. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.8.1.60</ref><ref>Karper, L. P.; Grillon, C.; Charney, D. S.; Krystal, J. H. The effect of ketamine on pre-pulse inhibition and attention. Neuropsychopharmacology 124; 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)95554-M</ref><ref>McGhie, A.; Chapman, J. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 34:103–116; 1961. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1961.tb00936.x</ref><ref>Scharfetter, C. Ego-pychopathology: The concept and its empirical evaluation. Psychol. Med. 11:273–280; 1981. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700052090</ref><ref>Vollenweider, F. X. Advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogen drug actions in humans: A preamble to schizophrenia research. Pharmacopsychiatry 31:92–103; 1998. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979353</ref>
+It is thought that a fundamental feature of information-processing dysfunction in both hallucinogen-induced states and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is the inability of these people to screen out, inhibit, filter, or gate irrelevant stimuli and to attend selectively to more important features of the environment.<ref>Karper, L. P.; Freeman, G. K.; Grillon, C.; Morgan, C. A.; Charney, D. S.; Krystal, J. H. Preliminary evidence of an association between sensorimotor gating and distractibility in psychosis. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 8:60–66; 1996. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.8.1.60</ref><ref>McGhie, A.; Chapman, J. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 34:103–116; 1961. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1961.tb00936.x</ref><ref>Vollenweider, F. X. Advances and pathophysiological models of hallucinogen drug actions in humans: A preamble to schizophrenia research. Pharmacopsychiatry 31:92–103; 1998. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979353</ref>
 The CSTC model of the brain posits that the thalamus plays a key role in controlling or gating external sensory information to the conscious faculties and is thereby fundamentally involved in the regulation of a person's awareness and attention.<ref>Goddard, A. W.; Charney, D. S. Toward an integrated neurobiology of panic disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 58(suppl. 2):4–11; 1997. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-03330-001</ref><ref>Steriade, M.; Descheˆnes, M. Cellular thalamic mechanisms. In: Bentivoglio, M.; Spreafico, R., eds. Intrathalamic and brainstem-thalamic networks involved in resting and alert state. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1988:37–62. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10017402609/en/</ref><ref>Steriade, M.; McCormick, D. A.; Sejnowski, T. J. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 262:697–685; 1993. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235588</ref><ref>Vollenweider, F. X., & Geyer, M. A. (2001). A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses. Brain research bulletin, 56(5), 497-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3</ref> The interruption of psychedelics to these neural pathways that inhibit the sensory gating systems<ref name="Vollenweider1998">Vollenweider F. (1998). Recent advances and concepts in the search for biological correlates of hallucinogen-induced altered states of consciousness. Heffter Rev. Psychedel. Res. 1, 21–32. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10019112167/</ref><ref>Vollenweider F., Geyer M. (2001). A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug psychoses. Brain Res. Bull. 56, 495–507.
-https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3</ref> may therefore result in an enhanced availability of sensory information which is normally filtered out by these systems. This process is likely involved in the various [[visual enhancements|visual]], [[tactile enhancement|tactile]], and [[auditory enhancement|auditory enhancements]] which commonly occur when under the influence of a psychedelic experience.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3</ref> may therefore result in an enhanced availability of sensory information which is normally filtered out by these systems. This process is likely also involved in the various [[visual enhancements|visual]], [[tactile enhancement|tactile]], and [[auditory enhancement|auditory enhancements]] which commonly occur when under the influence of a psychedelic experience.
 ===Psychoactive substances===