6-APB: Difference between revisions

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'''6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran''' (also known as '''6-APB''' ~~or by the brand-name~~ '''Benzofury''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzofuran]] class. ~~It produces long-lived [[entactogenic]] and [[stimulant]]~~ effects ~~such as~~ [[~~Anxiety suppression|~~anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[~~Muscle relaxation|~~muscle relaxation]], and [[euphoria~~]] when [[Routes of administration|administered~~]]. It is structurally related to entactogens like [[MDA]], [[MDMA]], [[5-APB]], and [[5-MAPB]].

'''6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran''' (also known as '''6-APB''' and '''"Benzofury"''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzofuran]] class. Its characteristic effects include [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[muscle relaxation]], and [[euphoria]]. It is structurally related to entactogens like [[MDA]], [[MDMA]], [[5-APB]], and [[5-MAPB]].

6-APB was first synthesized in 1993 by ~~psychedelic chemist and researcher~~ [[David E. Nichols]] as a potential non-neurotoxic alternative to [[MDMA]].<ref name="Nichols">Monte, A. P., Marona-Lewicka, D., Cozzi, N. V., & Nichols, D. E. (1993). Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3, 4-(methylenedioxy) amphetamine. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 36(23), 3700-3706. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00075a027</ref> However, it did not come into popular recreational use until over a decade later, where it briefly entered the rave scene and global research chemicals market. It was sold along with other novel benzofuran entactogens under the name "Benzofury" before its sale and import were subsequently banned.{{citation needed}}

6-APB was first synthesized in 1993 by [[David E. Nichols]] as a potential non-neurotoxic alternative to [[MDMA]].<ref name="Nichols">Monte, A. P., Marona-Lewicka, D., Cozzi, N. V., & Nichols, D. E. (1993). Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3, 4-(methylenedioxy) amphetamine. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 36(23), 3700-3706. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00075a027</ref> However, it did not come into popular recreational use until over a decade later, where it briefly entered the rave scene and global research chemicals market. It was sold along with other novel benzofuran entactogens under the name "Benzofury" before its sale and import were subsequently banned.{{citation needed}}

Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 6-APB, and it has only a brief history of human usage. It has been ~~commonly~~ marketed alongside [[research chemical]] [[entactogens]] like [[5-MAPB]] and [[5-APB]] as a legal, grey-market alternative to [[MDMA]], and is typically commercially distributed by online [[research chemical]] vendors. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 6-APB, and it has only a brief history of human usage. It has been marketed alongside [[research chemical]] [[entactogens]] like [[5-MAPB]] and [[5-APB]] as a legal, grey-market alternative to [[MDMA]], and is typically commercially distributed by online [[research chemical]] vendors. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

==History and culture==

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The synthesis of 6-APB was first reported by a team led by the medicinal chemist and psychedelic researcher [[David E. Nichols]] at Purdue University. They were examining the role of the MDA dioxle ring structure in interacting with serotonergic neurons. It was also partly an effort to find an alternative to [[MDMA]], which was gaining recognition as a potentially useful adjunct in psychotherapy, but was also being linked to neurotoxic effects.<ref name="Nichols" />

Human usage was not documented until 2010, when it emerged for sale on the [[research chemical]] market. It was particularly prominent in the UK "legal highs" market, where it was sold under the name "Benzofury".

Human usage was not documented until 2010, when it emerged for sale on the [[research chemical]] market. It was particularly prominent in the UK "legal highs" market, where it was sold under the name "Benzofury".{{citation needed}}

On June 10, 2013 6-APB and a number of analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the UK following an ACMD recommendation.<ref>Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, Jeremy Browne (4 June 2013). "Temporary class drug order on benzofury and NBOMe compounds - letter from ACMD". GOV.UK.</ref> On November 28, 2013 the ACMD recommended that 6-APB and related benzofurans should become Class B, Schedule 1 substances. On March 5, 2014 the UK Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.<ref>UK Home Office (28 April 2014). "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014". The National Archives.</ref>

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*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' & '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, 6-APB is commonly considered to have the paradoxical ability to both be stimulating as well as sedating and relaxing. Overall, it is thought to be far less energetic than [[MDMA]] or [[MDA]] and tends to exert more of a pronounced "stoning" or "couch-locking" effect. The particular style of stimulation which 6-APB presents is far less forceful in a way that can be compared to psychedelics like [[mescaline]].

**'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]''' - This component typically accompanies any feelings of [[stimulation]] that this compound can produce.

*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 6-APB can be described as a moderate to powerful warm, euphoric tingling sensation that radiates throughout the entire body. It is capable of becoming overwhelmingly pleasurable at higher doses to the point of immobilizing the user. This sensation maintains a consistent presence that steadily rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached.

**'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]]'''

**'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' - As 6-APB is a serotonin releasing agent, a rise in core body and brain temperature tends to be high and consistent throughout the experience. Caution must be taken as too high of a dose can result in the dysregulation of the brain's ability to regulate its internal core temperature. 6-APB is commonly reported to having a similar hyperthermia to [[MDA]] and [[MDMA]], but slightly warmer than either. Serotonin syndrome, a potentially fatal condition, presents this effect to dangerous levels.

*'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' - As 6-APB is a serotonin releasing agent, a rise in core body and brain temperature tends to be high and consistent throughout the experience. Caution must be taken as too high of a dose can result in the dysregulation of the brain's ability to regulate its internal core temperature. 6-APB is commonly reported to having a similar hyperthermia to [[MDA]] and [[MDMA]], but slightly warmer than either. Serotonin syndrome, a potentially fatal condition, presents this effect to dangerous levels.

*'''[[Effect::Vibrating vision]]''' - At common to high doses, a person's eyeballs may begin to spontaneously wiggle back and forth in a rapid motion, causing the vision to become blurry and temporarily out of focus. This is a condition known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus nystagmus].

*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''{{citation needed}}

*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''{{citation needed}}

*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''{{citation needed}}

*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' - Feelings of dry mouth and dehydration are a universal experience with this class of compounds; this effect is a product of an [[increased heart rate]] and bodily metabolism. While it is important to avoid becoming dehydrated (especially when out dancing in a hot environment) there have been some notable cases of users suffering from [[water intoxication]] through over-drinking (to compensate). It is therefore advised that users be mindful of their water intake and avoid over-drinking.

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The visual effects of 6-APB have an occurrence rating that is more selective and less consistent than any of the traditional [[psychedelics]]. The effects can never be guaranteed to manifest themselves, but are the most likely to occur with high doses, towards the end of the experience and particularly if the user has been smoking [[cannabis]]. They are also more likely to occur if the user has prior experience with [[psychedelics]], but also remain entirely possible for those who have never tried them as well.

Unlike [[MDMA]], 6-APB can directly induce mild to moderate psychedelic visual effects due to its ability to partially agonize the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, which makes it qualitatively more similar to [[MDA]].{{citation needed}}

====Enhancements====

6-APB presents an array of visual enhancements which are mild in comparison to traditional psychedelics, but still distinctively present. These generally include:

*'''[[Effect::~~Colour~~ enhancement]]''' - The enhancement can be described as bright and synthetic in appearance, and consistent throughout the experience.

*'''[[Effect::Color enhancement]]''' - The enhancement can be described as bright and synthetic in appearance, and consistent throughout the experience.

*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition enhancement]]'''

====Distortions====

*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - Tracers are most similar to those found with [[MDA]], with longer sections of continuity before a slight discontinuity~~. This effect is most prominent with LED hoops~~.

*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - Tracers are most similar to those found with [[MDA]], with longer sections of continuity before a slight discontinuity.

*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''

====[[Effect::Geometry]]====

The visual geometry of 6-APB experience can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[mescaline]] than [[LSD]] or [[psilocin]]. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Geometry#Variations|variations]] as primarily intricate in complexity, abstract in form, organic in style, structured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, mostly monotone in ~~colour~~ with blues and greys, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, small in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in round and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. At higher doses, they are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]].

The visual geometry of 6-APB experience can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[mescaline]] than [[LSD]] or [[psilocin]]. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Geometry#Variations|variations]] as primarily intricate in complexity, abstract in form, organic in style, structured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, mostly monotone in color with blues and greys, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, small in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in round and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. At higher doses, they are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]].

====Hallucinatory states====

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*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect: Memory ~~Suppression~~]]'' - This effect is thought to be mild in comparison with other substances such as [[alcohol]], and classical [[benzodiazepines]], lending to a more "spaced-out" feeling, best described as episodic memory.

*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' - This effect is thought to be mild in comparison with other substances such as [[alcohol]], and classical [[benzodiazepines]], lending to a more "spaced-out" feeling, best described as episodic memory.

*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''

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*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''

*'''[[Dream suppression]]''' ''or'' '''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' ~~- Although this substance have been known to suppress dreaming, some users note extremely strange and sometimes scary dreams for several nights after taking large doses of 6-APB.~~

'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''

*'''[[Sleep paralysis]]''' - Some users report a higher incidence of experiencing sleep paralysis after consuming 6-APB.

*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''

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===Long-term health concerns===

The neurotoxicity of 6-APB is subject to ongoing ~~discussion~~. It was specifically designed to be less neurotoxic than MDA or MDMA by circumventing the production of certain metabolic byproducts thought to underlie their toxicity (specifically alpha-methyl-dopamine).{{Citation needed}} Although it is likely to be physically safe to try in a responsible context, it is completely possible that the administration of repeated or high dosages of 6-APB could result in neurotoxicity in some form, presenting as deficits in cognitive, affective and psychomotor function.

The neurotoxicity of 6-APB is subject to ongoing debate. It was specifically designed to be less neurotoxic than MDA or MDMA by circumventing the production of certain metabolic byproducts thought to underlie their toxicity (specifically alpha-methyl-dopamine).{{Citation needed}} Although it is likely to be physically safe to try in a responsible context, it is completely possible that the administration of repeated or high dosages of 6-APB could result in neurotoxicity in some form, presenting as deficits in cognitive, affective and psychomotor function.

As with MDMA, the long-term, heavy usage of 6-APB (i.e. regular daily or weekly usage) is likely cardiotoxic and may lead to valvulopathy (heart valve issues) via its significant affinity for the 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor.<ref>Drug-induced Valvulopathy: An Update | tpx.sagepub.com/content/38/6/837.full</ref><ref>Possible association between 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine abuse and valvular heart disease. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950805</ref>

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*[[Benzofuran]]

*[[Entactogen]]

*[[Stimulant]]

*[[MDA]]

*[[5-APB]]

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*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/6_apb/ 6-APB (Erowid Vault)]

*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2358 6-APB (Isomer Design)]

*[~~http~~://www.~~rollsafe~~.org/ ~~RollSafe: Safety and Supplements for~~ MDMA~~/Ecstasy/Molly~~]

*[https://www.mdmawiki.org/ MDMA Wiki]

==Literature==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{SubstanceBox/6-APB}}
-'''6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran''' (also known as '''6-APB''' or by the brand-name '''Benzofury''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzofuran]] class. It produces long-lived [[entactogenic]] and [[stimulant]] effects such as [[Anxiety suppression|anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[Muscle relaxation|muscle relaxation]], and [[euphoria]] when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. It is structurally related to entactogens like [[MDA]], [[MDMA]], [[5-APB]], and [[5-MAPB]].
+'''6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran''' (also known as '''6-APB''' and '''"Benzofury"''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzofuran]] class. Its characteristic effects include [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[muscle relaxation]], and [[euphoria]]. It is structurally related to entactogens like [[MDA]], [[MDMA]], [[5-APB]], and [[5-MAPB]].
--APB was first synthesized in 1993 by psychedelic chemist and researcher [[David E. Nichols]] as a potential non-neurotoxic alternative to [[MDMA]].<ref name="Nichols">Monte, A. P., Marona-Lewicka, D., Cozzi, N. V., & Nichols, D. E. (1993). Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3, 4-(methylenedioxy) amphetamine. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 36(23), 3700-3706. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00075a027</ref> However, it did not come into popular recreational use until over a decade later, where it briefly entered the rave scene and global research chemicals market. It was sold along with other novel benzofuran entactogens under the name "Benzofury" before its sale and import were subsequently banned.{{citation needed}}
+-APB was first synthesized in 1993 by [[David E. Nichols]] as a potential non-neurotoxic alternative to [[MDMA]].<ref name="Nichols">Monte, A. P., Marona-Lewicka, D., Cozzi, N. V., & Nichols, D. E. (1993). Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3, 4-(methylenedioxy) amphetamine. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 36(23), 3700-3706. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00075a027</ref> However, it did not come into popular recreational use until over a decade later, where it briefly entered the rave scene and global research chemicals market. It was sold along with other novel benzofuran entactogens under the name "Benzofury" before its sale and import were subsequently banned.{{citation needed}}
-Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 6-APB, and it has only a brief history of human usage. It has been commonly marketed alongside [[research chemical]] [[entactogens]] like [[5-MAPB]] and [[5-APB]] as a legal, grey-market alternative to [[MDMA]], and is typically commercially distributed by online [[research chemical]] vendors. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
+Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 6-APB, and it has only a brief history of human usage. It has been marketed alongside [[research chemical]] [[entactogens]] like [[5-MAPB]] and [[5-APB]] as a legal, grey-market alternative to [[MDMA]], and is typically commercially distributed by online [[research chemical]] vendors. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
 ==History and culture==
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 The synthesis of 6-APB was first reported by a team led by the medicinal chemist and psychedelic researcher [[David E. Nichols]] at Purdue University. They were examining the role of the MDA dioxle ring structure in  interacting with serotonergic neurons. It was also partly an effort to find an alternative to [[MDMA]], which was gaining recognition as a potentially useful adjunct in psychotherapy, but was also being linked to neurotoxic effects.<ref name="Nichols" />
-Human usage was not documented until 2010, when it emerged for sale on the [[research chemical]] market. It was particularly prominent in the UK "legal highs" market, where it was sold under the name "Benzofury".
+Human usage was not documented until 2010, when it emerged for sale on the [[research chemical]] market. It was particularly prominent in the UK "legal highs" market, where it was sold under the name "Benzofury".{{citation needed}}
 On June 10, 2013 6-APB and a number of analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the UK following an ACMD recommendation.<ref>Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, Jeremy Browne (4 June 2013). "Temporary class drug order on benzofury and NBOMe compounds - letter from ACMD". GOV.UK.</ref> On November 28, 2013 the ACMD recommended that 6-APB and related benzofurans should become Class B, Schedule 1 substances. On March 5, 2014 the UK Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.<ref>UK Home Office (28 April 2014). "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014". The National Archives.</ref>
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 *'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' & '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, 6-APB is commonly considered to have the paradoxical ability to both be stimulating as well as sedating and relaxing. Overall, it is thought to be far less energetic than [[MDMA]] or [[MDA]] and tends to exert more of a pronounced "stoning" or "couch-locking" effect. The particular style of stimulation which 6-APB presents is far less forceful in a way that can be compared to psychedelics like [[mescaline]].
-**'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]'''  - This component typically accompanies any feelings of [[stimulation]] that this compound can produce.
 *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 6-APB can be described as a moderate to powerful warm, euphoric tingling sensation that radiates throughout the entire body. It is capable of becoming overwhelmingly pleasurable at higher doses to the point of immobilizing the user. This sensation maintains a consistent presence that steadily rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached.
-**'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Temperature regulation suppression]]'''
-**'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' - As 6-APB is a serotonin releasing agent, a rise in core body and brain temperature tends to be high and consistent throughout the experience. Caution must be taken as too high of a dose can result in the dysregulation of the brain's ability to regulate its internal core temperature. 6-APB is commonly reported to having a similar hyperthermia to [[MDA]] and [[MDMA]], but slightly warmer than either. Serotonin syndrome, a potentially fatal condition, presents this effect to dangerous levels.
+*'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' - As 6-APB is a serotonin releasing agent, a rise in core body and brain temperature tends to be high and consistent throughout the experience. Caution must be taken as too high of a dose can result in the dysregulation of the brain's ability to regulate its internal core temperature. 6-APB is commonly reported to having a similar hyperthermia to [[MDA]] and [[MDMA]], but slightly warmer than either. Serotonin syndrome, a potentially fatal condition, presents this effect to dangerous levels.
 *'''[[Effect::Vibrating vision]]''' - At common to high doses, a person's eyeballs may begin to spontaneously wiggle back and forth in a rapid motion, causing the vision to become blurry and temporarily out of focus. This is a condition known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus nystagmus].
-*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''{{citation needed}}
-*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''{{citation needed}}
-*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''{{citation needed}}
 *'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' - Feelings of dry mouth and dehydration are a universal experience with this class of compounds; this effect is a product of an [[increased heart rate]] and bodily metabolism. While it is important to avoid becoming dehydrated (especially when out dancing in a hot environment) there have been some notable cases of users suffering from [[water intoxication]] through over-drinking (to compensate). It is therefore advised that users be mindful of their water intake and avoid over-drinking.
@@ Line 69: / Line 67: @@
 The visual effects of 6-APB have an occurrence rating that is more selective and less consistent than any of the traditional [[psychedelics]]. The effects can never be guaranteed to manifest themselves, but are the most likely to occur with high doses, towards the end of the experience and particularly if the user has been smoking [[cannabis]]. They are also more likely to occur if the user has prior experience with [[psychedelics]], but also remain entirely possible for those who have never tried them as well.
-Unlike [[MDMA]], 6-APB can directly induce mild to moderate psychedelic visual effects due to its ability to partially agonize the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, which makes it qualitatively more similar to [[MDA]].{{citation needed}}
 ====Enhancements====
 -APB presents an array of visual enhancements which are mild in comparison to traditional psychedelics, but still distinctively present. These generally include:
-*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]''' - The enhancement can be described as bright and synthetic in appearance, and consistent throughout the experience.
+*'''[[Effect::Color enhancement]]''' - The enhancement can be described as bright and synthetic in appearance, and consistent throughout the experience.
 *'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition enhancement]]'''
 ====Distortions====
-*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - Tracers are most similar to those found with [[MDA]], with longer sections of continuity before a slight discontinuity. This effect is most prominent with LED hoops.
+*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]''' - Tracers are most similar to those found with [[MDA]], with longer sections of continuity before a slight discontinuity.
 *'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''
 ====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
-The visual geometry of 6-APB experience can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[mescaline]] than [[LSD]] or [[psilocin]]. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Geometry#Variations|variations]] as primarily intricate in complexity, abstract in form, organic in style, structured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, mostly monotone in colour with blues and greys, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, small in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in round and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. At higher doses, they are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]].
+The visual geometry of 6-APB experience can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[mescaline]] than [[LSD]] or [[psilocin]]. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Geometry#Variations|variations]] as primarily intricate in complexity, abstract in form, organic in style, structured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, mostly monotone in color with blues and greys, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, small in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in round and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. At higher doses, they are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]].
 ====Hallucinatory states====
@@ Line 108: / Line 104: @@
 *'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]'''
-*'''[[Effect: Memory Suppression]]'' - This effect is thought to be mild in comparison with other substances such as [[alcohol]], and classical [[benzodiazepines]], lending to a more "spaced-out" feeling, best described as episodic memory.
+*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' - This effect is thought to be mild in comparison with other substances such as [[alcohol]], and classical [[benzodiazepines]], lending to a more "spaced-out" feeling, best described as episodic memory.
 *'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
@@ Line 144: / Line 140: @@
 *'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''
-*'''[[Dream suppression]]''' ''or'' '''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' - Although this substance have been known to suppress dreaming, some users note extremely strange and sometimes scary dreams for several nights after taking large doses of 6-APB.
+'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''
 *'''[[Sleep paralysis]]''' - Some users report a higher incidence of experiencing sleep paralysis after consuming 6-APB.
 *'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
@@ Line 173: / Line 169: @@
 ===Long-term health concerns===
-The neurotoxicity of 6-APB is subject to ongoing discussion. It was specifically designed to be less neurotoxic than MDA or MDMA by circumventing the production of certain metabolic byproducts thought to underlie their toxicity (specifically alpha-methyl-dopamine).{{Citation needed}} Although it is likely to be physically safe to try in a responsible context, it is completely possible that the administration of repeated or high dosages of 6-APB could result in neurotoxicity in some form, presenting as deficits in cognitive, affective and psychomotor function.
+The neurotoxicity of 6-APB is subject to ongoing debate. It was specifically designed to be less neurotoxic than MDA or MDMA by circumventing the production of certain metabolic byproducts thought to underlie their toxicity (specifically alpha-methyl-dopamine).{{Citation needed}} Although it is likely to be physically safe to try in a responsible context, it is completely possible that the administration of repeated or high dosages of 6-APB could result in neurotoxicity in some form, presenting as deficits in cognitive, affective and psychomotor function.
 As with MDMA, the long-term, heavy usage of 6-APB (i.e. regular daily or weekly usage) is likely cardiotoxic and may lead to valvulopathy (heart valve issues) via its significant affinity for the 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor.<ref>Drug-induced Valvulopathy: An Update | tpx.sagepub.com/content/38/6/837.full</ref><ref>Possible association between 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine abuse and valvular heart disease. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950805</ref>
@@ Line 206: / Line 202: @@
 *[[Benzofuran]]
 *[[Entactogen]]
-*[[Stimulant]]
 *[[MDA]]
 *[[5-APB]]
@@ Line 215: / Line 210: @@
 *[https://erowid.org/chemicals/6_apb/ 6-APB (Erowid Vault)]
 *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2358 6-APB (Isomer Design)]
-*[http://www.rollsafe.org/ RollSafe: Safety and Supplements for MDMA/Ecstasy/Molly]
+*[https://www.mdmawiki.org/ MDMA Wiki]
 ==Literature==