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After images: Difference between revisions
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{{#ev:gfycat|https://giant.gfycat.com/PepperyMedicalAfghanhound.webm|400x225|right|'''After images''' by '''[https://www.reddit.com/user/StingrayZ StingrayZ]''' - This image serves as an accurate portrayal of the commonly experienced [[psychedelic]] effect known as after images. There is also a significant amount of [[drifting|visual drifting]] within its background.|frame}} | {{#ev:gfycat|https://giant.gfycat.com/PepperyMedicalAfghanhound.webm|400x225|right|'''After images''' by '''[https://www.reddit.com/user/StingrayZ StingrayZ]''' - This image serves as an accurate portrayal of the commonly experienced [[psychedelic]] effect known as after images. There is also a significant amount of [[drifting|visual drifting]] within its background.|frame}} | ||
'''After images''' are a visual distortion | '''After images''' are a visual distortion that can be described as an image continuing to appear in one's vision after exposure to the original image has ceased.<ref>Kawasaki, A., & Purvin, V. (1996). Persistent palinopsia following ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Archives of Ophthalmology, 114(1), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130045007</ref><ref name="Visual_Function_1988">Abraham, H. D., & Wolf, E. (1988). Visual function in past users of LSD: Psychophysical findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(4), 443. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.443</ref><ref>Abraham HD. Hallucinogen-related disorders. In: Sadock BJ, | ||
Sadock VA, eds. Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook | Sadock VA, eds. Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook | ||
of psychiatry, seventh edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, | of psychiatry, seventh edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, | ||
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During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, still overlayed images of moving objects are commonly left in place of where the object once was.<ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref name="Trifluoperazine">Anderson, W. H., & O'Malley, J. E. (1972). Trifluoperazine for the trailing phenomenon. JAMA, 220(9), 1244-1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03200090066017</ref><ref name="Topiramate">Fontenelle, L. F. (2008). Topiramate-induced palinopsia. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 20(2), 249-250. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.2.249</ref><ref name="Nefazodone">Horton, J. C., & Trobe, J. D. (1999). Akinetopsia from nefazodone toxicity. American journal of ophthalmology, 128(4), 530-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00177-4</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become less distinct the further away they are from the moving object's current position. Another manifestation of this effect can be described as being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away. | During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, still overlayed images of moving objects are commonly left in place of where the object once was.<ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref name="Trifluoperazine">Anderson, W. H., & O'Malley, J. E. (1972). Trifluoperazine for the trailing phenomenon. JAMA, 220(9), 1244-1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03200090066017</ref><ref name="Topiramate">Fontenelle, L. F. (2008). Topiramate-induced palinopsia. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 20(2), 249-250. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.2.249</ref><ref name="Nefazodone">Horton, J. C., & Trobe, J. D. (1999). Akinetopsia from nefazodone toxicity. American journal of ophthalmology, 128(4), 530-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00177-4</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become less distinct the further away they are from the moving object's current position. Another manifestation of this effect can be described as being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away. | ||
After images are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[tracers]]<ref name="Visual_Function_1988"/><ref name="Psych2002"/><ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="Trifluoperazine"/><ref>Asher, H. (1971). Trailing” phenomenon–a long-lasting LSD side effect. Am J Psychiatry, 127(9), 1233-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.127.9.1233</ref><ref>Schwartz, K. (1997). Nefazodone and visual side effects. The American journal of psychiatry, 154(7), 1038. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9210763</ref> and [[drifting]].<ref name="25B"/> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], | After images are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[tracers]]<ref name="Visual_Function_1988"/><ref name="Psych2002"/><ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="Trifluoperazine"/><ref>Asher, H. (1971). Trailing” phenomenon–a long-lasting LSD side effect. Am J Psychiatry, 127(9), 1233-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.127.9.1233</ref><ref>Schwartz, K. (1997). Nefazodone and visual side effects. The American journal of psychiatry, 154(7), 1038. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9210763</ref> and [[drifting]].<ref name="25B"/> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].<ref name="Psych2002"/><ref name="Topiramate"/><ref name="Nefazodone"/><ref>Halberstadt, A. L. (2015). Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. Behavioural brain research, 277, 99-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2014.07.016</ref></onlyinclude><ref>Lauterbach, E., Abdelhamid, A., & Annandale, J. B. (2000). Posthallucinogen-like visual illusions (palinopsia) with risperidone in a patient without previous hallucinogen exposure: possible relation to serotonin 5HT2a receptor blockade. Pharmacopsychiatry, 33(01), 38-41.https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8452</ref> However, trailing effects have also been experienced with other drugs of a very different pharmacology, such as GABA potentiators.<ref name="VisualTrails"/><ref name="Topiramate"/> | ||
===Psychoactive substances=== | ===Psychoactive substances=== | ||
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | ||