Auditory hallucination: Difference between revisions

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'''Auditory hallucinations''' can be described as the experience of hearing spontaneous noises ~~that have no acoustic origin in the external environment~~.<ref name="Weinel2016">Weinel, J. (2016). Entoptic Phenomena in Audio: Categories of Psychedelic Electroacoustic Composition. Contemporary Music Review, 35(2), 202-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2016.1221633</ref><ref name="Weinel2013">Weinel, J. (2013). Nausea: An approach to sonic arts composition based on ASC. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on internet technologies & applications (pp. 169-176). http://www.jonweinel.com/PDF/Weinel_2013_Nausea.pdf</ref> These hallucinated noises either occur randomly or manifest in the place of noises that are subconsciously (or consciously) expected to happen. The most common examples of these include hearing clips of sound such as imagined music,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/> voices,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/><ref name="Juszczak2013">Juszczak, G. R., & Swiergiel, A. H. (2013). Recreational use of D-lysergamide from the seeds of Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor, Ipomoea violacea, and Ipomoea purpurea in Poland. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 45(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.763570</ref><ref name="Carbonaro2013">Carbonaro, T. M., Forster, M. J., & Gatch, M. B. (2013). Discriminative stimulus effects of N, N-diisopropyltryptamine. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2891-x</ref><ref name="Shulgin1980">Shulgin, A. T., & Carter, M. F. (1980). N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity. Communications in psychopharmacology, 4(5), 363-369. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6949674</ref><ref name="Shulgin1997">Shulgin, A. T., & Shulgin, A. Transform Press; Berkeley, CA: 1997. TIHKAL: The Continuation.</ref> tones,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/> popping,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Stanciu2016">N Stanciu, C., & M Penders, T. (2016). Hallucinogen Persistent Perception Disorder Induced by New Psychoactive Substituted Phenethylamines; A Review with Illustrative Case. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 12(2), 221-223. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ben/cpsr/2016/00000012/00000002/art00013#expand/collapse</ref> and scraping,<ref name="Stanciu2016"/> but can also be an infinite variety of other potential noises that are stored within one's memory.

'''Auditory hallucinations''' can be described as the experience of hearing spontaneous imaginary noises.<ref name="Weinel2016">Weinel, J. (2016). Entoptic Phenomena in Audio: Categories of Psychedelic Electroacoustic Composition. Contemporary Music Review, 35(2), 202-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2016.1221633</ref><ref name="Weinel2013">Weinel, J. (2013). Nausea: An approach to sonic arts composition based on ASC. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on internet technologies & applications (pp. 169-176). http://www.jonweinel.com/PDF/Weinel_2013_Nausea.pdf</ref> These hallucinated noises either occur randomly or manifest in the place of noises that are subconsciously, or consciously, expected to happen. The most common examples of these include hearing clips of sound such as imagined music,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/> voices,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/><ref name="Juszczak2013">Juszczak, G. R., & Swiergiel, A. H. (2013). Recreational use of D-lysergamide from the seeds of Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor, Ipomoea violacea, and Ipomoea purpurea in Poland. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 45(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.763570</ref><ref name="Carbonaro2013">Carbonaro, T. M., Forster, M. J., & Gatch, M. B. (2013). Discriminative stimulus effects of N, N-diisopropyltryptamine. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2891-x</ref><ref name="Shulgin1980">Shulgin, A. T., & Carter, M. F. (1980). N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity. Communications in psychopharmacology, 4(5), 363-369. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6949674</ref><ref name="Shulgin1997">Shulgin, A. T., & Shulgin, A. Transform Press; Berkeley, CA: 1997. TIHKAL: The Continuation.</ref> tones,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/> popping,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Stanciu2016">N Stanciu, C., & M Penders, T. (2016). Hallucinogen Persistent Perception Disorder Induced by New Psychoactive Substituted Phenethylamines; A Review with Illustrative Case. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 12(2), 221-223. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ben/cpsr/2016/00000012/00000002/art00013#expand/collapse</ref> and scraping,<ref name="Stanciu2016"/> but can also be an infinite variety of other potential noises that are stored within one's memory.

The experience of this effect can be broken down into three distinct levels of intensity. These are described and documented below:

#'''Partially defined embedded hallucinations''' - At the lowest level, the hallucinated sounds lack clarity and may be indistinct, muffled, and difficult to make out.<ref name="Juszczak2013"/> They are also only heard as embedded within real sounds occurring within the external environment. For example, one may hear subtle music or voices embedded within the sounds of the wind, cars, and rain.

#'''Partially defined embedded hallucinations''' - At the lowest level, the hallucinated sounds lack clarity and may be indistinct, muffled, and difficult to make out.<ref name="Juszczak2013"/> They are also only heard embedded within real sounds occurring within the external environment. For example, one may hear subtle music or voices embedded within the sounds of the wind, cars, and rain.

#'''Partially defined separate hallucinations''' - At this level, the sounds remain only partially defined, but are heard on a separate layer of their own instead of only manifesting themselves as embedded within other noises.

#'''Fully defined separate hallucinations''' - At this level, the sounds become fully defined in their clarity, meaning that the content of the hallucinations can be recognized and heard perfectly as if they were actually occurring externally.<ref name="Juszczak2013"/><ref name="Cuomo1994">Cuomo, M. J., Dyment, P. G., & Gammino, V. M. (1994). Increasing Use of “Ecstasy “(MDMA) and other Hallucinogens on a College Campus. Journal of American College Health, 42(6), 271-274. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7913938</ref>

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Auditory hallucinations are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[auditory distortion]]<ref name="Carbonaro2013"/><ref name="Shulgin1980"/><ref name="Shulgin1997"/><ref name="Cuomo1994"/> and [[auditory enhancement]].<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Juszczak2013"/> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds,<ref>Al-Assmar, S. E. (1999). The seeds of the Hawaiian baby woodrose are a powerful hallucinogen. Archives of internal medicine, 159(17), 2090-2090. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/521620</ref> such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]], [[deliriant|deliriants]], and [[dissociative|dissociatives]]. However, they can also occur less commonly under the influence of [[stimulant psychosis]], [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]], and during [[sleep deprivation]].<ref name="Nichols2016">Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological reviews, 68(2), 264-355. https://dx.doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.115.011478</ref><ref name="Lu2004">Lu, B. Y., Woofter, C., & Escalona, R. (2004). A case of prolonged peyote-induced psychosis resolved by sleep. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 65(10), 1433. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15491253</ref>

</onlyinclude>

~~===Autonomous Voices===~~

~~"One subject mentioned also auditory hallucinations of voices and sensing the presence of somebody or something"<ref name="Juszczak2013"/>~~

"‘Strange voices’ are likewise a form of internal sound caused by auditory hallucination. In Strassman’s DMT studies,<ref>Strassman, R. (2000). DMT: The spirit molecule: A doctor's revolutionary research into the biology of near-death and mystical experiences. Simon and Schuster.</ref> for example, participants would often encounter strange being or entities, with which they may have verbal communication. In our woodland scene as the hallucination becomes more intense, perhaps some form of pixie appears and communicates with the individual. Strassman’s studies often describe hallucinated entities as communicating through some form of alien language, so suitable creative approaches may be employed to design sounds that reflect this, such as by manipulating voice material using granular techniques, vocoders or other processes."<ref name="Weinel2016"/>

"One case of a prolonged peyote-induced psychosis was reported by Lu et al. (2004),<ref name="Lu2004"/> He was unable to sleep for 2 weeks, at which time he developed visual and auditory hallucinations of the spirits and became increasingly depressed."<ref name="Nichols2016"/>

~~===Music===~~

"The sound [in my head] was like the most beautiful music I have ever heard, although it had no melody, just rapidly changing pitches and tones."<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2014">Weinel, J., Cunningham, S., & Griffiths, D. (2014, October). Sound through the rabbit hole: sound design based on reports of auditory hallucination. In Proceedings of the 9th Audio Mostly: A Conference on Interaction With Sound (p. 3). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2636879.2636883</ref>

~~Music happens.<ref name="Weinel2013"/>~~

===Psychoactive substances===

Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:

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 <onlyinclude>
-'''Auditory hallucinations''' can be described as the experience of hearing spontaneous noises that have no acoustic origin in the external environment.<ref name="Weinel2016">Weinel, J. (2016). Entoptic Phenomena in Audio: Categories of Psychedelic Electroacoustic Composition. Contemporary Music Review, 35(2), 202-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2016.1221633</ref><ref name="Weinel2013">Weinel, J. (2013). Nausea: An approach to sonic arts composition based on ASC. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on internet technologies & applications (pp. 169-176). http://www.jonweinel.com/PDF/Weinel_2013_Nausea.pdf</ref> These hallucinated noises either occur randomly or manifest in the place of noises that are subconsciously (or consciously) expected to happen. The most common examples of these include hearing clips of sound such as imagined music,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/> voices,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/><ref name="Juszczak2013">Juszczak, G. R., & Swiergiel, A. H. (2013). Recreational use of D-lysergamide from the seeds of Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor, Ipomoea violacea, and Ipomoea purpurea in Poland. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 45(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.763570</ref><ref name="Carbonaro2013">Carbonaro, T. M., Forster, M. J., & Gatch, M. B. (2013). Discriminative stimulus effects of N, N-diisopropyltryptamine. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2891-x</ref><ref name="Shulgin1980">Shulgin, A. T., & Carter, M. F. (1980). N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity. Communications in psychopharmacology, 4(5), 363-369. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6949674</ref><ref name="Shulgin1997">Shulgin, A. T., & Shulgin, A. Transform Press; Berkeley, CA: 1997. TIHKAL: The Continuation.</ref> tones,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/> popping,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Stanciu2016">N Stanciu, C., & M Penders, T. (2016). Hallucinogen Persistent Perception Disorder Induced by New Psychoactive Substituted Phenethylamines; A Review with Illustrative Case. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 12(2), 221-223. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ben/cpsr/2016/00000012/00000002/art00013#expand/collapse</ref> and scraping,<ref name="Stanciu2016"/> but can also be an infinite variety of other potential noises that are stored within one's memory.
+'''Auditory hallucinations''' can be described as the experience of hearing spontaneous imaginary noises.<ref name="Weinel2016">Weinel, J. (2016). Entoptic Phenomena in Audio: Categories of Psychedelic Electroacoustic Composition. Contemporary Music Review, 35(2), 202-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2016.1221633</ref><ref name="Weinel2013">Weinel, J. (2013). Nausea: An approach to sonic arts composition based on ASC. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on internet technologies & applications (pp. 169-176). http://www.jonweinel.com/PDF/Weinel_2013_Nausea.pdf</ref> These hallucinated noises either occur randomly or manifest in the place of noises that are subconsciously, or consciously, expected to happen. The most common examples of these include hearing clips of sound such as imagined music,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/> voices,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/><ref name="Juszczak2013">Juszczak, G. R., & Swiergiel, A. H. (2013). Recreational use of D-lysergamide from the seeds of Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor, Ipomoea violacea, and Ipomoea purpurea in Poland. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 45(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.763570</ref><ref name="Carbonaro2013">Carbonaro, T. M., Forster, M. J., & Gatch, M. B. (2013). Discriminative stimulus effects of N, N-diisopropyltryptamine. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2891-x</ref><ref name="Shulgin1980">Shulgin, A. T., & Carter, M. F. (1980). N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity. Communications in psychopharmacology, 4(5), 363-369. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6949674</ref><ref name="Shulgin1997">Shulgin, A. T., & Shulgin, A. Transform Press; Berkeley, CA: 1997. TIHKAL: The Continuation.</ref> tones,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2013"/> popping,<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Stanciu2016">N Stanciu, C., & M Penders, T. (2016). Hallucinogen Persistent Perception Disorder Induced by New Psychoactive Substituted Phenethylamines; A Review with Illustrative Case. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 12(2), 221-223. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ben/cpsr/2016/00000012/00000002/art00013#expand/collapse</ref> and scraping,<ref name="Stanciu2016"/> but can also be an infinite variety of other potential noises that are stored within one's memory.
 The experience of this effect can be broken down into three distinct levels of intensity. These are described and documented below:
-#'''Partially defined embedded hallucinations''' - At the lowest level, the hallucinated sounds lack clarity and may be indistinct, muffled, and difficult to make out.<ref name="Juszczak2013"/> They are also only heard as embedded within real sounds occurring within the external environment. For example, one may hear subtle music or voices embedded within the sounds of the wind, cars, and rain.
+#'''Partially defined embedded hallucinations''' - At the lowest level, the hallucinated sounds lack clarity and may be indistinct, muffled, and difficult to make out.<ref name="Juszczak2013"/> They are also only heard embedded within real sounds occurring within the external environment. For example, one may hear subtle music or voices embedded within the sounds of the wind, cars, and rain.
 #'''Partially defined separate hallucinations''' - At this level, the sounds remain only partially defined, but are heard on a separate layer of their own instead of only manifesting themselves as embedded within other noises.
 #'''Fully defined separate hallucinations''' - At this level, the sounds become fully defined in their clarity, meaning that the content of the hallucinations can be recognized and heard perfectly as if they were actually occurring externally.<ref name="Juszczak2013"/><ref name="Cuomo1994">Cuomo, M. J., Dyment, P. G., & Gammino, V. M. (1994). Increasing Use of “Ecstasy “(MDMA) and other Hallucinogens on a College Campus. Journal of American College Health, 42(6), 271-274. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7913938</ref>
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Auditory hallucinations are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[auditory distortion]]<ref name="Carbonaro2013"/><ref name="Shulgin1980"/><ref name="Shulgin1997"/><ref name="Cuomo1994"/> and [[auditory enhancement]].<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Juszczak2013"/> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds,<ref>Al-Assmar, S. E. (1999). The seeds of the Hawaiian baby woodrose are a powerful hallucinogen. Archives of internal medicine, 159(17), 2090-2090. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/521620</ref> such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]], [[deliriant|deliriants]], and [[dissociative|dissociatives]]. However, they can also occur less commonly under the influence of [[stimulant psychosis]], [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]], and during [[sleep deprivation]].<ref name="Nichols2016">Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological reviews, 68(2), 264-355. https://dx.doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.115.011478</ref><ref name="Lu2004">Lu, B. Y., Woofter, C., & Escalona, R. (2004). A case of prolonged peyote-induced psychosis resolved by sleep. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 65(10), 1433. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15491253</ref>
 </onlyinclude>
-===Autonomous Voices===
-"One subject mentioned also auditory hallucinations of voices and sensing the presence of somebody or something"<ref name="Juszczak2013"/>
-"‘Strange voices’ are likewise a form of internal sound caused by auditory hallucination. In Strassman’s DMT studies,<ref>Strassman, R. (2000). DMT: The spirit molecule: A doctor's revolutionary research into the biology of near-death and mystical experiences. Simon and Schuster.</ref> for example, participants would often encounter strange being or entities, with which they may have verbal communication. In our woodland scene as the hallucination becomes more intense, perhaps some form of pixie appears and communicates with the individual. Strassman’s studies often describe hallucinated entities as communicating through some form of alien language, so suitable creative approaches may be employed to design sounds that reflect this, such as by manipulating voice material using granular techniques, vocoders or other processes."<ref name="Weinel2016"/>
-"One case of a prolonged peyote-induced psychosis was reported by Lu et al. (2004),<ref name="Lu2004"/> He was unable to sleep for 2 weeks, at which time he developed visual and auditory hallucinations of the spirits and became increasingly depressed."<ref name="Nichols2016"/>
-===Music===
-"The sound [in my head] was like the most beautiful music I have ever heard, although it had no melody, just rapidly changing pitches and tones."<ref name="Weinel2016"/><ref name="Weinel2014">Weinel, J., Cunningham, S., & Griffiths, D. (2014, October). Sound through the rabbit hole: sound design based on reports of auditory hallucination. In Proceedings of the 9th Audio Mostly: A Conference on Interaction With Sound (p. 3). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2636879.2636883</ref>
-Music happens.<ref name="Weinel2013"/>
 ===Psychoactive substances===
 Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: