Opioids: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Slaapbol R0017601.JPG|250px|thumb|Poppy pod scored to release opium latex]]

[[File:Mohn z06.jpg|250px|thumb|Dried pods for preparation of tea or solvent extraction of alkaloids]]

An '''opioid''' is any psychoactive ~~chemical~~ that resembles [[morphine]] or other opiates in its pharmacological effects. Opioids work by binding to [[~~Opioid receptor|opioid~~ receptors]], which are found principally in the central and peripheral nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.{{citation needed}} The receptors in these organ systems mediate both the beneficial effects and the side effects of opioids.

An '''opioid''' is any psychoactive substance that resembles [[morphine]] or other opiates in its pharmacological effects.{{citation needed}} Opioids work by binding to opioid [[receptors]], which are found principally in the central and peripheral nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.{{citation needed}} The receptors in these organ systems mediate both the beneficial effects and the side effects of opioids.

Although the term opiate is often used as a synonym for opioid, the term opiate is limited to drugs derived from the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print|last=Hemmings|first=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|publisher=Elsevier Health Scienc,es|year=2013|isbn=1437716792|page=253|language=en|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).}}</ref>. While opioid is a more general term for substances that act primarily on opioid receptors, including natural occurring alkaloids, synthetic substances and opioid peptides <ref name=":17">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print|last=Hemmings|first=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2013|isbn=1437716792|page=253|language=en|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).}}</ref>.

Although the term opiate is often used as a synonym for opioid, the term opiate is limited to drugs derived from the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print|last=Hemmings|first=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|publisher=Elsevier Health Scienc,es|year=2013|isbn=1437716792|page=253|language=en|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).}}</ref>

While opioid is a more general term for substances that act primarily on opioid receptors, including natural occurring alkaloids, synthetic substances and opioid peptides.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print|last=Hemmings|first=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2013|isbn=1437716792|page=253|language=en|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).}}</ref>

Opioid dependence can develop with ongoing administration, leading to a withdrawal syndrome with abrupt discontinuation.<ref>Cammarano, W. B., Pittet, J. F., Weitz, S., Schlobohm, R. M., & Marks, J. D. (1998). Acute withdrawal syndrome related to the administration of analgesic and sedative medications in adult intensive care unit patients. Critical care medicine, 26(4), 676-684.</ref> Opioids are not only well known for their addictive properties, but also for their ability to produce a feeling of euphoria, motivating some to use opioids recreationally.

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 [[File:Slaapbol R0017601.JPG|250px|thumb|Poppy pod scored to release opium latex]]
 [[File:Mohn z06.jpg|250px|thumb|Dried pods for preparation of tea or solvent extraction of alkaloids]]
-An '''opioid''' is any psychoactive chemical that resembles [[morphine]] or other opiates in its pharmacological effects. Opioids work by binding to [[Opioid receptor|opioid receptors]], which are found principally in the central and peripheral nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.{{citation needed}} The receptors in these organ systems mediate both the beneficial effects and the side effects of opioids.
+An '''opioid''' is any psychoactive substance that resembles [[morphine]] or other opiates in its pharmacological effects.{{citation needed}} Opioids work by binding to opioid [[receptors]], which are found principally in the central and peripheral nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.{{citation needed}} The receptors in these organ systems mediate both the beneficial effects and the side effects of opioids.
-Although the term opiate is often used as a synonym for opioid, the term opiate is limited to drugs derived from the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print|last=Hemmings|first=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|publisher=Elsevier Health Scienc,es|year=2013|isbn=1437716792|page=253|language=en|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).}}</ref>. While opioid is a more general term for substances that act primarily on opioid receptors, including natural occurring alkaloids, synthetic substances and opioid peptides <ref name=":17">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print|last=Hemmings|first=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2013|isbn=1437716792|page=253|language=en|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).}}</ref>.
+Although the term opiate is often used as a synonym for opioid, the term opiate is limited to drugs derived from the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print|last=Hemmings|first=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|publisher=Elsevier Health Scienc,es|year=2013|isbn=1437716792|page=253|language=en|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).}}</ref>
+While opioid is a more general term for substances that act primarily on opioid receptors, including natural occurring alkaloids, synthetic substances and opioid peptides.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print|last=Hemmings|first=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2013|isbn=1437716792|page=253|language=en|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).}}</ref>
 Opioid dependence can develop with ongoing administration, leading to a withdrawal syndrome with abrupt discontinuation.<ref>Cammarano, W. B., Pittet, J. F., Weitz, S., Schlobohm, R. M., & Marks, J. D. (1998). Acute withdrawal syndrome related to the administration of analgesic and sedative medications in adult intensive care unit patients. Critical care medicine, 26(4), 676-684.</ref> Opioids are not only well known for their addictive properties, but also for their ability to produce a feeling of euphoria, motivating some to use opioids recreationally.