Opioids: Difference between revisions

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In non-chronic use of safe dosages of opioids, physical and neurological toxicity are markedly safe.{{citation needed}}

===Long term effects===

~~Long~~ term use of opioids causes hormonal imbalance in both men and women.<ref>The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414717</ref>

The long-term use of opioids causes hormonal imbalance in both men and women.<ref>The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414717</ref> In men, this opioid-induced androgen deficiency results in abnormally low levels of sex hormones, particularly testosterone.<ref>Opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786453</ref>

In men, this opioid-induced androgen ~~decificeny essentially means that a long-term male opioid user will produce less than normal amounts~~ of sex hormones ~~– especially~~ testosterone.<ref>Opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786453</ref>

This negative change in endocrine function in males can lead to:

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*'''Fatigue'''

*'''Depression'''

~~A long term male user may also find more visual effects of their lowered testosterone such as:~~

*'''Reduced facial and body hair'''

*'''Decreased muscle mass'''

@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 In non-chronic use of safe dosages of opioids, physical and neurological toxicity are markedly safe.{{citation needed}}
 ===Long term effects===
-Long term use of opioids causes hormonal imbalance in both men and women.<ref>The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414717</ref>
+The long-term use of opioids causes hormonal imbalance in both men and women.<ref>The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414717</ref> In men, this opioid-induced androgen deficiency results in abnormally low levels of sex hormones, particularly testosterone.<ref>Opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786453</ref>
-In men, this opioid-induced androgen decificeny essentially means that a long-term male opioid user will produce less than normal amounts of sex hormones – especially testosterone.<ref>Opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786453</ref>
 This negative change in endocrine function in males can lead to:
@@ Line 158: / Line 156: @@
 *'''Fatigue'''
 *'''Depression'''
-A long term male user may also find more visual effects of their lowered testosterone such as:
 *'''Reduced facial and body hair'''
 *'''Decreased muscle mass'''