After images: Difference between revisions

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& Wilkins, 2000:1015–1024.</ref><ref name="Psych2002">Abraham, H. D., Mccann, U. D., & Ricaurte, G. A. (2002). Psychedelic drugs. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.623.299</ref><ref>Bressloff, P. C., Cowan, J. D., Golubitsky, M., Thomas, P. J., & Wiener, M. C. (2001). Geometric visual hallucinations, Euclidean symmetry and the functional architecture of striate cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 356(1407), 300. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0769</ref><ref>Kluver, H. 1966 Mescal and mechanisms and hallucinations. University of Chicago Press.</ref><ref>Kleinman, J. E., Gillin, J. C., & Wyatt, R. J. (1977). A comparison of the phenomenology of hallucinogens and schizophrenia from some autobiographical accounts. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 3(4), 562. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/3.4.560</ref><ref name="25B">Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Stefanidou, M., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2015). 25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers. Forensic Toxicology, 33(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9</ref><ref name="VisualPhen">Abraham, H. D. (1983). Visual phenomenology of the LSD flashback. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 40(8), 886-887. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/493119</ref><ref>Kraus, R. P. (1996). Visual" trails" with nefazodone treatment. The American journal of psychiatry, 153(10), 1365. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831452</ref><ref>Sunness, J. S. (2004). Persistent afterimages (palinopsia) and photophobia in a patient with a history of LSD use. Retina, 24(5), 805. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15492641</ref> A common form of after image is the bright glow that seems to float in one's vision after looking into a light source for a few seconds. This effect is similar to [[tracers]], but differs in that it does not create smooth blurs behind moving objects.

During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, still overlayed images of moving objects are commonly left in place of where the object once was.<ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref name="Trifluoperazine">Anderson, W. H., & O'Malley, J. E. (1972). Trifluoperazine for the trailing phenomenon. JAMA, 220(9), 1244-1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03200090066017</ref><ref name="Topiramate">Fontenelle, L. F. (2008). Topiramate-induced palinopsia. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 20(2), 249-250. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.2.249</ref><ref name="Nefazodone">Horton, J. C., & Trobe, J. D. (1999). Akinetopsia from nefazodone toxicity. American journal of ophthalmology, 128(4), 530-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00177-4</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref>This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become less distinct the further away they are from the moving object's current position. Another manifestation of this effect can be described as being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.

During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, still overlayed images of moving objects are commonly left in place of where the object once was.<ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref name="Trifluoperazine">Anderson, W. H., & O'Malley, J. E. (1972). Trifluoperazine for the trailing phenomenon. JAMA, 220(9), 1244-1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03200090066017</ref><ref name="Topiramate">Fontenelle, L. F. (2008). Topiramate-induced palinopsia. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 20(2), 249-250. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.2.249</ref><ref name="Nefazodone">Horton, J. C., & Trobe, J. D. (1999). Akinetopsia from nefazodone toxicity. American journal of ophthalmology, 128(4), 530-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00177-4</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become less distinct the further away they are from the moving object's current position. Another manifestation of this effect can be described as being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.

After images are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[tracers]]<ref name="Visual_Function_1988"/><ref name="Psych2002"/><ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="Trifluoperazine"/><ref>Asher, H. (1971). Trailing” phenomenon–a long-lasting LSD side effect. Am J Psychiatry, 127(9), 1233-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.127.9.1233</ref><ref>Schwartz, K. (1997). Nefazodone and visual side effects. The American journal of psychiatry, 154(7), 1038. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9210763</ref> and [[drifting]].<ref name="25B"/> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].<ref name="Psych2002"/><ref name="Topiramate"/><ref name="Nefazodone"/><ref>Halberstadt, A. L. (2015). Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. Behavioural brain research, 277, 99-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2014.07.016</ref></onlyinclude><ref>Lauterbach, E., Abdelhamid, A., & Annandale, J. B. (2000). Posthallucinogen-like visual illusions (palinopsia) with risperidone in a patient without previous hallucinogen exposure: possible relation to serotonin 5HT2a receptor blockade. Pharmacopsychiatry, 33(01), 38-41.https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8452</ref> However, trailing effects have also been experienced with other drugs of a very different pharmacology, such as GABA potentiators.<ref name="VisualTrails"/><ref name="Topiramate"/>

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 & Wilkins, 2000:1015–1024.</ref><ref name="Psych2002">Abraham, H. D., Mccann, U. D., & Ricaurte, G. A. (2002). Psychedelic drugs. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.623.299</ref><ref>Bressloff, P. C., Cowan, J. D., Golubitsky, M., Thomas, P. J., & Wiener, M. C. (2001). Geometric visual hallucinations, Euclidean symmetry and the functional architecture of striate cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 356(1407), 300. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0769</ref><ref>Kluver, H. 1966 Mescal and mechanisms and hallucinations. University of Chicago Press.</ref><ref>Kleinman, J. E., Gillin, J. C., & Wyatt, R. J. (1977). A comparison of the phenomenology of hallucinogens and schizophrenia from some autobiographical accounts. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 3(4), 562. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/3.4.560</ref><ref name="25B">Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Stefanidou, M., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2015). 25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers. Forensic Toxicology, 33(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9</ref><ref name="VisualPhen">Abraham, H. D. (1983). Visual phenomenology of the LSD flashback. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 40(8), 886-887. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/493119</ref><ref>Kraus, R. P. (1996). Visual" trails" with nefazodone treatment. The American journal of psychiatry, 153(10), 1365. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831452</ref><ref>Sunness, J. S. (2004). Persistent afterimages (palinopsia) and photophobia in a patient with a history of LSD use. Retina, 24(5), 805. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15492641</ref> A common form of after image is the bright glow that seems to float in one's vision after looking into a light source for a few seconds. This effect is similar to [[tracers]], but differs in that it does not create smooth blurs behind moving objects.
-During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, still overlayed images of moving objects are commonly left in place of where the object once was.<ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref name="Trifluoperazine">Anderson, W. H., & O'Malley, J. E. (1972). Trifluoperazine for the trailing phenomenon. JAMA, 220(9), 1244-1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03200090066017</ref><ref name="Topiramate">Fontenelle, L. F. (2008). Topiramate-induced palinopsia. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 20(2), 249-250. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.2.249</ref><ref name="Nefazodone">Horton, J. C., & Trobe, J. D. (1999). Akinetopsia from nefazodone toxicity. American journal of ophthalmology, 128(4), 530-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00177-4</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref>This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become less distinct the further away they are from the moving object's current position. Another manifestation of this effect can be described as being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.
+During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, still overlayed images of moving objects are commonly left in place of where the object once was.<ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="VisualTrails">Dubois, J., & VanRullen, R. (2011). Visual trails: do the doors of perception open periodically?. PLoS biology, 9(5), e1001056. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001056</ref><ref name="Trifluoperazine">Anderson, W. H., & O'Malley, J. E. (1972). Trifluoperazine for the trailing phenomenon. JAMA, 220(9), 1244-1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03200090066017</ref><ref name="Topiramate">Fontenelle, L. F. (2008). Topiramate-induced palinopsia. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 20(2), 249-250. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.2.249</ref><ref name="Nefazodone">Horton, J. C., & Trobe, J. D. (1999). Akinetopsia from nefazodone toxicity. American journal of ophthalmology, 128(4), 530-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00177-4</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become less distinct the further away they are from the moving object's current position. Another manifestation of this effect can be described as being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.
 After images are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[tracers]]<ref name="Visual_Function_1988"/><ref name="Psych2002"/><ref name="VisualPhen"/><ref name="Trifluoperazine"/><ref>Asher, H. (1971). Trailing” phenomenon–a long-lasting LSD side effect. Am J Psychiatry, 127(9), 1233-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.127.9.1233</ref><ref>Schwartz, K. (1997). Nefazodone and visual side effects. The American journal of psychiatry, 154(7), 1038. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9210763</ref> and [[drifting]].<ref name="25B"/> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].<ref name="Psych2002"/><ref name="Topiramate"/><ref name="Nefazodone"/><ref>Halberstadt, A. L. (2015). Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. Behavioural brain research, 277, 99-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2014.07.016</ref></onlyinclude><ref>Lauterbach, E., Abdelhamid, A., & Annandale, J. B. (2000). Posthallucinogen-like visual illusions (palinopsia) with risperidone in a patient without previous hallucinogen exposure: possible relation to serotonin 5HT2a receptor blockade. Pharmacopsychiatry, 33(01), 38-41.https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8452</ref> However, trailing effects have also been experienced with other drugs of a very different pharmacology, such as GABA potentiators.<ref name="VisualTrails"/><ref name="Topiramate"/>