Dihydrocodeine: Difference between revisions

Line 82:

===Dangerous interactions===

Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https:/~~/www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.~~

*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2m2b]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine dihydrocodeine, a [[depressant]], with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of dihydrocodeine, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of dihydrocodeine will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[dihydrocodeine#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only taking a certain amount of dihydrocodeine.

==Legal status==

==Legal ~~issues~~==

*'''Hong Kong''' - In Hong Kong, dihydrocodeine is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. A pharmacist can dispense Dihydrocodeine when furnished with a doctors prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without a prescription can be fined $10000 (HKD). The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a $5,000,000 (HKD) fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption, without a licence from the Department of Health, is illegal and carries a $1,000,000 (HKD) fine and/or 7 years imprisonment.

*'''Japan''' - In Japan, dihydrocodeine is available without a prescription; used in cough medicines such as New Bron Solution-ACE. Dihydrocodeine is used as an antitussive in many products as a Dextromethorphan alternative. Medicines in Japan which contain dihydrocodeine are coupled with caffeine to offset the sedative effects and discourage recreational use. Cough medicines containing dihydrocodeine are controlled similarly to dextromethorphan in the United States, in that its sale is strictly limited by purchase quantity and is restricted to persons 20 and older for purchase.

Line 107:

==Literature==

* Schmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), ~~'''''~~Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors~~'''''~~. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x

* Schmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x

* Koch T, Höllt V (2008). ~~'''''~~Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence~~'''''~~. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003

* Koch T, Höllt V (2008). Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003

* Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). ~~'''''~~Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain~~'''''~~. Science, 182 (4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359

* Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain. Science, 182 (4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359

* Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). ~~'''''~~Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women~~'''''~~. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 198 (2): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1123-x.

* Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 198 (2): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1123-x.

* Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). ~~'''''~~Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review (2011)~~'''''~~. Folia Biol. (Praha). 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954. ~~''Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.''~~

* Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review (2011). Folia Biol. (Praha). 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954.

==References==

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 ===Dangerous interactions===
-Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
+{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
 *'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2m2b]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
 *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
 *'''[[Stimulants]]''' -  It is dangerous to combine dihydrocodeine, a [[depressant]], with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of dihydrocodeine, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of dihydrocodeine will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[dihydrocodeine#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only taking a certain amount of dihydrocodeine.
+==Legal status==
-==Legal issues==
 *'''Hong Kong''' - In Hong Kong, dihydrocodeine is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. A pharmacist can dispense Dihydrocodeine when furnished with a doctors prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without a prescription can be fined $10000 (HKD). The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a $5,000,000 (HKD) fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption, without a licence from the Department of Health, is illegal and carries a $1,000,000 (HKD) fine and/or 7 years imprisonment.
 *'''Japan''' - In Japan, dihydrocodeine is available without a prescription; used in cough medicines such as New Bron Solution-ACE. Dihydrocodeine is used as an antitussive in many products as a Dextromethorphan alternative. Medicines in Japan which contain dihydrocodeine are coupled with caffeine to offset the sedative effects and discourage recreational use. Cough medicines containing dihydrocodeine are controlled similarly to dextromethorphan in the United States, in that its sale is strictly limited by purchase quantity and is restricted to persons 20 and older for purchase.
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 ==Literature==
-* Schmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), '''''Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors'''''. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63.  https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x
+* Schmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63.  https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x
-* Koch T, Höllt V (2008). '''''Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence'''''. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003
+* Koch T, Höllt V (2008). Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003
-* Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). '''''Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain'''''. Science, 182 (4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359
+* Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain. Science, 182 (4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359
-* Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). '''''Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women'''''. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 198 (2): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1123-x.
+* Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 198 (2): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1123-x.
-* Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). '''''Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review (2011)'''''. Folia Biol. (Praha). 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954. ''Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.''
+* Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review (2011). Folia Biol. (Praha). 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954.
 ==References==
 <references />