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PCP: Difference between revisions
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'''Phencyclidine''' (also known as '''PCP''', '''Angel Dust''', '''Sherm''', and '''Sernyl''')<ref>PCP Fast Facts | http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/</ref> is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] chemical class that produces potent, long-lived [[dissociative|dissociating]], [[Pain relief|anesthetic]], [[stimulating]], [[disinhibition|disinhibiting]] and [[hallucinogenic]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. | '''Phencyclidine''' (also known as '''PCP''', '''Angel Dust''', '''Sherm''', and '''Sernyl''')<ref>PCP Fast Facts | http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/</ref> is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] chemical class that produces potent, long-lived [[dissociative|dissociating]], [[Pain relief|anesthetic]], [[stimulating]], [[disinhibition|disinhibiting]] and [[hallucinogenic]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. | ||
PCP acts primarily as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]], meaning it binds to and blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor | PCP acts primarily as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]], meaning it binds to and blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor, the receptor responsible for the transmission of neural impulses in the central nervous system.<ref>Kapur, S., & Seeman, P. (2002). NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2receptors--implications for models of schizophrenia. Molecular psychiatry, 7(8), 837. | http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v7/n8/full/4001093a.html</ref> | ||
It was marketed in the 1950s as an | It was marketed in the 1950s as an anesthetic pharmaceutical drug but was taken off the market in 1965 due to the high prevalence of dissociating and [[hallucinogenic]] side effects it produced. Afterward, a similar structurally related compound named [[ketamine]] was discovered by Parke-Davis researchers as a better-tolerated derivative for use as an anesthetic pharmaceutical drug. | ||
PCP emerged as recreational drug in mid-1967, under the name "The Peace Pill".<ref>"Peace Pill". Microgram. Bureau of Drug Abuse Control. Jan 1968. 1(3):p1 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/periodicals/microgram/microgram_1968_01_v01n03.pdf</ref><ref>"Sweet Streetfact's Lowdown on Low Dope Highs!". Berkeley Tribe, September 10-16, 1971. p12 (Independent Voices) | http://voices.revealdigital.com/cgi-bin/independentvoices?a=d&d=BFBJFGJ19710910.1.12</ref> Since this time, a number of synthetic derivatives of PCP have been sold as dissociative drugs for both recreational and non-medical use.<ref name="morris">From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24678061</ref> As an established "street drug", PCP is associated with compulsive abuse.<ref>Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 9780071481274. </ref><ref name="morris" /> | PCP emerged as a recreational drug in mid-1967, under the name "The Peace Pill".<ref>"Peace Pill". Microgram. Bureau of Drug Abuse Control. Jan 1968. 1(3):p1 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/periodicals/microgram/microgram_1968_01_v01n03.pdf</ref><ref>"Sweet Streetfact's Lowdown on Low Dope Highs!". Berkeley Tribe, September 10-16, 1971. p12 (Independent Voices) | http://voices.revealdigital.com/cgi-bin/independentvoices?a=d&d=BFBJFGJ19710910.1.12</ref> Since this time, a number of synthetic derivatives of PCP have been sold as dissociative drugs for both recreational and non-medical use.<ref name="morris">From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24678061</ref> As an established "street drug", PCP is associated with compulsive abuse.<ref>Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 9780071481274. </ref><ref name="morris" /> | ||
As a recreational substance, PCP may be ingested [[orally]], [[Routes of administration#Smoking|smoked]], [[insufflated]] or via [[Routes of administration#Injection|injection]].<ref>http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/hallucinogens.html</ref> Due to its potent dissociative and stimulant effects, known habit-forming properties as well as an established toxicity profile, it is strongly recommended that one use proper [[Responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance. | As a recreational substance, PCP may be ingested [[orally]], [[Routes of administration#Smoking|smoked]], [[insufflated]] or via [[Routes of administration#Injection|injection]].<ref>NIDA. (2016, January 11). Hallucinogens. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens on 2017, October 29 | http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/hallucinogens.html</ref> Due to its potent dissociative and stimulant effects, known habit-forming properties as well as an established toxicity profile, it is strongly recommended that one use proper [[Responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance. | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{EffectStub}} | {{EffectStub}} | ||
PCP is considerably more likely to induce [[psychosis]] than other dissociatives and is therefore potentially dangerous | PCP is considerably more likely to induce [[psychosis]] and [[mania]] than other dissociatives and is therefore potentially dangerous even in a proper setting. | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
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===Psychosis=== | ===Psychosis=== | ||
PCP has been reported to cause [[psychosis]] and mania at a significantly higher rate than other [[dissociative]]s such as [[ketamine]], [[diphenidine]], or [[MXE]]. Multiple scientific papers describe states of psychosis, mania, and/or delirium occurring after moderate to large doses of the drug were ingested. In one initial human trial, it was reported that one-sixth of the patients who had received | PCP has been reported to cause [[psychosis]] and mania at a significantly higher rate than other [[dissociative]]s such as [[ketamine]], [[diphenidine]], or [[MXE]]. Multiple scientific papers describe states of psychosis, mania, and/or delirium occurring after moderate to large doses of the drug were ingested. In one initial human trial, it was reported that one-sixth of the patients who had received anesthetic doses experienced acute psychosis.<ref name="one">http://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/21.pdf | Luisada, Paul V., M.D. "The Phencyclidine Psychosis: Phenomenology and Treatment." Phencyclidine (PCP) Abuse: An Appraisal. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1978. pg. 241.</ref> In some cases, it took up to a week or more to resolve. Similar results (although less severe) were reported during trials using subanesthetic doses of PCP for pain relief.<ref name="two">Tasman, Allan, Jerald Kay, and Jeffrey A. Lieberman. Psychiatry. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. Google Books. Wiley. Web. <https://books.google.com/books?id=l2KRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT4957&lpg=PT4957&dq=Greifenstein+et+al.+1958%29.&source=bl&ots=s5CFdAfMzc&sig=GzsOq_N-V1qtahxyyHnKMJceEj0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji0pWTjNLKAhUBaD4KHTfqD0sQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Greifenstein%20et%20al.%201958%29.&f=false>.</ref> | ||
It is very strongly recommended that one use extreme caution and [[responsible drug use|harm reduction]] practices when using this drug. For example, | |||
*Users should avoid taking the drug multiple days in a row or becoming addicted to it as this increases the risk of severe adverse effects. | *Users should avoid taking the drug multiple days in a row or becoming addicted to it as this increases the risk of severe adverse effects. | ||
*The recommended dosage range should not be exceeded as high doses can trigger adverse effects. | *The recommended dosage range should not be exceeded as high doses can trigger adverse effects. | ||
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*[[Compulsive redosing]] before one has fully sobered up is not recommended and can result in too high of a dose. | *[[Compulsive redosing]] before one has fully sobered up is not recommended and can result in too high of a dose. | ||
Due to the risk of psychosis, it is not recommended to combine this drug with other substances, especially [[stimulant]] | Due to the risk of psychosis, it is not recommended to combine this drug with other substances, especially [[stimulant|stimulants]], [[psychedelic|psychedelics]], or other [[dissociative|dissociatives]] like [[MXE]] and [[DXM]]. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption. | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
The chronic use of PCP can be considered [[Addiction potential::highly addictive with a high potential for adverse side effects such as psychosis]]. In comparison to other [[dissociative]]s, PCP has been reported to be more addictive than [[MXE]], [[diphenidine]], [[ephenidine]], and [[ketamine]]. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. There have been multiple reports across the internet of people becoming seriously addicted daily users of this substance so serious precautions and considerations should be taken before trying this substance. | The chronic use of PCP can be considered [[Addiction potential::highly addictive with a high potential for adverse side effects such as psychosis]]. In comparison to other [[dissociative]]s, PCP has been reported to be more addictive than [[MXE]], [[diphenidine]], [[ephenidine]], and [[ketamine]]. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. There have been multiple reports across the internet of people becoming seriously addicted daily users of this substance so serious precautions and considerations should be taken before trying this substance. | ||
Tolerance to many of the effects of PCP develops [[Time to full tolerance::with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). PCP presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dissociative]] | Tolerance to many of the effects of PCP develops [[Time to full tolerance::with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). PCP presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dissociative|dissociatives]]]], meaning that after the consumption of PCP, all [[dissociative|dissociatives]] will have a reduced effect. | ||
===Neurological effects=== | ===Neurological effects=== | ||
Some studies found that, like other [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] | Some studies found that, like other [[NMDA receptor antagonist|NMDA receptor antagonists]], PCP can cause brain damage called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney%27s_lesions Olney's lesions] in rats.<ref>Olney, J. W., Labruyere, J., & Price, M. T. (1989). Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs. Science(Washington), 244(4910), 1360-1362. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2660263</ref><ref>Hargreaves, R. J., Hill, R. G., & Iversen, L. L. (1994). Neuroprotective NMDA antagonists: the controversy over their potential for adverse effects on cortical neuronal morphology. In Brain Edema IX (pp. 15-19). Springer, Vienna. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7976530</ref> Studies conducted on rats showed that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine caused reversible vacuoles to form in certain regions of the rats' brains. All studies of Olney's lesions have only been performed on non-human animals and may not apply to humans. One unpublished study by Frank Sharp reportedly showed no damage by the NDMA antagonist [[ketamine]] (a similar drug) far beyond recreational doses<ref>Jansen, Karl. Ketamine: Dreams and Realities. MAPS, 2004. ISBN 0-9660019-7-4</ref> but its validity is controversial since it was never published. | ||
PCP has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate levels in the rat brain, which are detectable both in living rats and upon necropsy examination of brain tissue.<ref>Chronic | PCP has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate levels in the rat brain, which are detectable both in living rats and upon necropsy examination of brain tissue.<ref>Reynolds, L. M., Cochran, S. M., Morris, B. J., Pratt, J. A., & Reynolds, G. P. (2005). Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain. Schizophrenia research, 73(2), 147-152.(PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15653257</ref> It also induces symptoms in humans that mimic schizophrenia.<refMurray, J. B. (2002). Phencyclidine (PCP): a dangerous drug, but useful in schizophrenia research. The Journal of psychology, 136(3), 319-327. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206280</ref> | ||
===Urinary tract effects=== | ===Urinary tract effects=== | ||
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*[[MXE]] | *[[MXE]] | ||
*[[PCE]] | *[[PCE]] | ||
*[[DXM]] | |||
*[[Ketamine]] | *[[Ketamine]] | ||