This is an unofficial archive of PsychonautWiki as of 2025-08-11T15:14:44Z. Content on this page may be outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate. Please refer to the original page for the most up-to-date information.
Methoxetamine: Difference between revisions
>Kaylee m Text replacement - " drug " to " substance " |
>Kenan |
||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
'''3'-MeO-2-Oxo-PCE''' (commonly known as '''Methoxetamine''', '''MXE''', and also as '''Mexxy''') is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] of the [[Chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] class. | '''3'-MeO-2-Oxo-PCE''' (commonly known as '''Methoxetamine''', '''MXE''', and also as '''Mexxy''') is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] of the [[Chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] class. | ||
This substance was originally developed as a [[research chemical]] through the use of intelligent | This substance was originally developed as a [[research chemical]] through the use of intelligent drug design, as a potential treatment for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_pain Phantom Limb Syndrome] among other ailments.<ref>Interview with a ketamine chemist | http://www.viceland.com/int/v18n2/htdocs/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704.php</ref> It is a chemical derivative of [[ketamine]] that also contains structural features of [[phencyclidine]] (PCP) and [[3-MeO-PCP]]. | ||
<ref>MXE Binding profile | http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/methoxetamine2012?view=Binary</ref> | <ref>MXE Binding profile | http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/methoxetamine2012?view=Binary</ref> | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
[[File:Ach base.png|thumb|150px|right|General formula of arylcyclohexylamine molecule]] | [[File:Ach base.png|thumb|150px|right|General formula of arylcyclohexylamine molecule]] | ||
Methoxetamine, or (RS)2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone, is classed as an [[arylcyclohexylamine]] drug. Ayrlcyclohexylamine | Methoxetamine, or (RS)2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone, is classed as an [[arylcyclohexylamine]] drug. Ayrlcyclohexylamine drugs are named for their structures which include a cyclohexane ring bound to an aromatic ring along with an amine group. MXE contains a phenyl ring with a methoxy (CH<sub>3</sub>-O-) substituent at R<sub>3</sub> bonded to a cyclohexane ring substituted at R<sub>2</sub> with an oxo group (cyclohexanone). Bound to the same location (R<sub>1</sub>) of the cyclohexanone ring is an amino ethyl chain -N-CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>. | ||
MXE is a chiral molecule that is often produced as a racemate, although batches of its stereo-exclusive isomers have occasionally been produced and distributed. | MXE is a chiral molecule that is often produced as a racemate, although batches of its stereo-exclusive isomers have occasionally been produced and distributed. | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
{{Main|NMDA receptor antagonist}} | {{Main|NMDA receptor antagonist}} | ||
MXE acts as a noncompetitive [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] and [[serotonin]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]].<ref name="MXE Binding Profile">[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/methoxetamine2012?view=Binary "ACMD Methoxetamine Report (2012)"]. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. October 2012. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 6 February 2013.</ref> NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the famous “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-hole k-hole].” MXE was reported to be similar to [[Ketamine|ketamine]] <ref>Kjellgren, A., & Jonsson, K. (2013). Methoxetamine (MXE)--a phenomenological study of experiences induced by a {\dq}legal high{\dq} from the internet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.803647</ref>, despite being stronger and having a longer duration. <ref>Coppola, M., & Mondola, R. (2012). Methoxetamine: From | MXE acts as a noncompetitive [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] and [[serotonin]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]].<ref name="MXE Binding Profile">[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/methoxetamine2012?view=Binary "ACMD Methoxetamine Report (2012)"]. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. October 2012. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 6 February 2013.</ref> NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the famous “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-hole k-hole].” MXE was reported to be similar to [[Ketamine|ketamine]] <ref>Kjellgren, A., & Jonsson, K. (2013). Methoxetamine (MXE)--a phenomenological study of experiences induced by a {\dq}legal high{\dq} from the internet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.803647</ref>, despite being stronger and having a longer duration. <ref>Coppola, M., & Mondola, R. (2012). Methoxetamine: From drug of abuse to rapid-acting antidepressant. Medical Hypotheses, 79(4), 504–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.002</ref> | ||
Because of its structural similarity to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-HO-PCP 3-OH-PCP], it was falsely believed to carry [[opioid]] properties.<ref>Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620</ref> This claim cannot be supported by actual data, instead showing only insignificant affinity for the µ-opioid receptor by the substance itself, although in-vivo metabolites could yield different effects.<ref name="MXE Binding Profile"/> | Because of its structural similarity to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-HO-PCP 3-OH-PCP], it was falsely believed to carry [[opioid]] properties.<ref>Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620</ref> This claim cannot be supported by actual data, instead showing only insignificant affinity for the µ-opioid receptor by the substance itself, although in-vivo metabolites could yield different effects.<ref name="MXE Binding Profile"/> | ||
| Line 106: | Line 106: | ||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{{Main|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | {{Main|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | ||
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational MXE use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because MXE has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried MXE within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational MXE use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because MXE has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried MXE within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption. | ||
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible | It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug. | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
As with other NMDA receptor antagonists, the chronic use of MXE can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. | As with other NMDA receptor antagonists, the chronic use of MXE can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. | ||
| Line 115: | Line 115: | ||
===Urinary tract effects=== | ===Urinary tract effects=== | ||
In terms of its long-term health effects when used repeatedly and excessively for extended periods of time, MXE seems to exhibit almost identical bladder and urinary tract problems to those found within [[ketamine]], but to a lesser extent. This is because MXE is four times as potent as ketamine, so significantly less of | In terms of its long-term health effects when used repeatedly and excessively for extended periods of time, MXE seems to exhibit almost identical bladder and urinary tract problems to those found within [[ketamine]], but to a lesser extent. This is because MXE is four times as potent as ketamine, so significantly less of drug needs to be consumed. Symptoms of ketamine-induced cystitis can become extremely serious and can be described as: | ||
*'''Urinary frequency''' - Urinary frequency is the need to empty the bladder every few minutes. | *'''Urinary frequency''' - Urinary frequency is the need to empty the bladder every few minutes. | ||