3-FPM: Difference between revisions

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| ''[[3-FPM/Summary|Summary sheet: 3-FPM]]''

|}

'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] ~~drug~~ of the substituted [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. The chemical had no history of human usage prior to 2014 when it began being sold online through [[research chemical]] vendors.

'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the substituted [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. The chemical had no history of human usage prior to 2014 when it began being sold online through [[research chemical]] vendors.

3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than drugs of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting ~~drug~~ as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.

3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than drugs of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting substance as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.

Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It is worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."

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==Pharmacology==

3-FPM is a sympathomimetic ~~drug~~ which has classical [[stimulant]] effects when consumed. Its mechanism of action appears to function by acting as a [[releasing agent]] for [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and [[norepinephrine]], increasing their concentrations in the synaptic clefts of neurons in the brain. This accumulation of [[neurotransmitters]] results in the experience of [[physical euphoria|euphoric]] and [[stimulation|stimulating]] effects. Notably, it has a higher affinity for all three [[monoamine]] transporters when compared to [[methylphenidate]]. Its parent compound, phenmetrazine, was previously marketed as an [[appetite suppressant]] in the 60s and 70s but has since been withdrawn from the market due to concerns of abuse and addiction.

3-FPM is a sympathomimetic substance which has classical [[stimulant]] effects when consumed. Its mechanism of action appears to function by acting as a [[releasing agent]] for [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and [[norepinephrine]], increasing their concentrations in the synaptic clefts of neurons in the brain. This accumulation of [[neurotransmitters]] results in the experience of [[physical euphoria|euphoric]] and [[stimulation|stimulating]] effects. Notably, it has a higher affinity for all three [[monoamine]] transporters when compared to [[methylphenidate]]. Its parent compound, phenmetrazine, was previously marketed as an [[appetite suppressant]] in the 60s and 70s but has since been withdrawn from the market due to concerns of abuse and addiction.

Below is a table showing 3-FPM's affinity (EC50) for [[dopamine]] (DAT), [[serotonin]] (SERT) and [[noradrenaline]] (NET) transporters as well as the values of some other stimulants that are more common:

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==Toxicity and harm potential==

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this ~~drug~~ at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible ~~drug~~ use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible substance use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===

As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

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==Legal issues==

*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this ~~drug~~ under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>

*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this substance under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>

*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analog of phenmetrazine or amphetamine, thus falling under the Federal Analog Act. The Federal Analog Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal ~~drug~~ (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.

*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analog of phenmetrazine or amphetamine, thus falling under the Federal Analog Act. The Federal Analog Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal substance (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.

*'''Sweden''': The public health agency suggested the classification of the ~~drug~~ as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.<ref>http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/juni/23-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara</ref>

*'''Sweden''': The public health agency suggested the classification of the substance as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.<ref>http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/juni/23-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara</ref>

*'''Switzerland''': 3-FPM was added to the list of controlled substances in December 2015.<ref>https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/official-compilation/2015/5093.pdf</ref>

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | ''[[3-FPM/Summary|Summary sheet: 3-FPM]]''
 |}
-'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] drug of the substituted [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. The chemical had no history of human usage prior to 2014 when it began being sold online through [[research chemical]] vendors.
+'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the substituted [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. The chemical had no history of human usage prior to 2014 when it began being sold online through [[research chemical]] vendors.
--FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than drugs of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting drug as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.
+-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than drugs of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting substance as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.
 Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It is worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ==Pharmacology==
--FPM is a sympathomimetic drug which has classical [[stimulant]] effects when consumed. Its mechanism of action appears to function by acting as a [[releasing agent]] for [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and [[norepinephrine]], increasing their concentrations in the synaptic clefts of neurons in the brain. This accumulation of [[neurotransmitters]] results in the experience of [[physical euphoria|euphoric]] and [[stimulation|stimulating]] effects. Notably, it has a higher affinity for all three [[monoamine]] transporters when compared to [[methylphenidate]]. Its parent compound, phenmetrazine, was previously marketed as an [[appetite suppressant]] in the 60s and 70s but has since been withdrawn from the market due to concerns of abuse and addiction.
+-FPM is a sympathomimetic substance which has classical [[stimulant]] effects when consumed. Its mechanism of action appears to function by acting as a [[releasing agent]] for [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and [[norepinephrine]], increasing their concentrations in the synaptic clefts of neurons in the brain. This accumulation of [[neurotransmitters]] results in the experience of [[physical euphoria|euphoric]] and [[stimulation|stimulating]] effects. Notably, it has a higher affinity for all three [[monoamine]] transporters when compared to [[methylphenidate]]. Its parent compound, phenmetrazine, was previously marketed as an [[appetite suppressant]] in the 60s and 70s but has since been withdrawn from the market due to concerns of abuse and addiction.
 Below is a table showing 3-FPM's affinity (EC50) for [[dopamine]] (DAT), [[serotonin]] (SERT) and [[noradrenaline]] (NET) transporters as well as the values of some other stimulants that are more common:
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 ==Toxicity and harm potential==
 {{Main|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
-The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
+The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
-It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
+It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible substance use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
 ===Tolerance and addiction potential===
 As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 ==Legal issues==
-*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
+*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this substance under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
-*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analog of phenmetrazine or amphetamine, thus falling under the Federal Analog Act. The Federal Analog Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.
+*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analog of phenmetrazine or amphetamine, thus falling under the Federal Analog Act. The Federal Analog Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal substance (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.
-*'''Sweden''': The public health agency suggested the classification of the drug as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.<ref>http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/juni/23-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara</ref>
+*'''Sweden''': The public health agency suggested the classification of the substance as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.<ref>http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/juni/23-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara</ref>
 *'''Switzerland''': 3-FPM was added to the list of controlled substances in December 2015.<ref>https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/official-compilation/2015/5093.pdf</ref>