Cannabinoid: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Cannabis Plant.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|A flowering [[cannabis]] plant, the most common source of cannabinoids.]]

'''Cannabinoids''' are a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors on cells that repress neurotransmitter release in the brain. These receptor proteins include the endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body by humans and animals),<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> the phytocannabinoids (found in [[cannabis]] and some other plants), and synthetic cannabinoids (manufactured chemically). The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid [[∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC), the primary psychoactive compound of cannabis.<ref>The endocannabinoid system: drug targets, lead compounds, and potential therapeutic applications | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078824</ref><ref>Pertwee, Roger, ed. (2005). Cannabinoids. Springer-Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 3-540-22565-X.</ref> Cannabidiol (CBD) is another major constituent of the plant, representing up to 40% in extracts of the plant resin.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html</ref> There are at least 85 different cannabinoids isolated from cannabis which exhibit varied effects.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html</ref>

'''Cannabinoids''' are a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors on cells that repress neurotransmitter release in the brain. These receptor proteins include the endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body by humans and animals),<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> the phytocannabinoids (found in [[cannabis]] and some other plants), and [[synthetic cannabinoids]] (manufactured chemically). The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid [[∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC), the primary psychoactive compound of cannabis.<ref>The endocannabinoid system: drug targets, lead compounds, and potential therapeutic applications | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078824</ref><ref>Pertwee, Roger, ed. (2005). Cannabinoids. Springer-Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 3-540-22565-X.</ref> Cannabidiol (CBD) is another major constituent of the plant, representing up to 40% in extracts of the plant resin.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html</ref> There are at least 85 different cannabinoids isolated from cannabis which exhibit varied effects.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html</ref>

Synthetic cannabinoids encompass a variety of distinct chemical classes: the classical cannabinoids structurally related to [[THC]]; the nonclassical cannabinoids (cannabimimetics) including the aminoalkylindoles, 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, quinolines, and arylsulphonamides; and eicosanoids related to the endocannabinoids.<ref>The endocannabinoid system: drug targets, lead compounds, and potential therapeutic applications | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078824</ref><ref>Pertwee, Roger, ed. (2005). Cannabinoids. Springer-Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 3-540-22565-X.</ref>

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Compared to cannabis and its active cannabinoid THC, the adverse effects are often much more severe and can include hypertension, tachycardia, myocardial infarction,[36] agitation, vomiting, hallucinations, psychoses, seizures, convulsions[37] and panic attacks.[38][39][40][41][42] Among individuals who need emergency treatment after using synthetic cannabis, the most common symptoms are accelerated heartbeat, high blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision, hallucination and agitation.[43] Other symptoms included epileptic seizures, acute psychosis, and heart attacks.[43]

The use of synthetic cannabinoids can be associated with psychosis. In contrast to most other recreational drugs, the dramatic psychotic state induced by use of synthetic cannabinoids has been reported, in multiple cases, to persist for several weeks, and in one case for seven months, after complete cessation of drug use.[50] Individuals with risk factors for psychotic disorders are often counseled against using synthetic cannabinoids.[51]

The use of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] can be associated with psychosis. In contrast to most other recreational drugs, the dramatic psychotic state induced by use of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] has been reported, in multiple cases, to persist for several weeks, and in one case for seven months, after complete cessation of drug use.[50] Individuals with risk factors for psychotic disorders are often counseled against using synthetic cannabinoids.[51]

These more severe adverse effects in contrast to use of marijuana are believed to stem from the fact that many of the synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists to the cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, compared to THC which is only a partial agonist and thus not able to saturate and activate all of the receptor population no matter of dose and resulting concentration.[46]

These more severe adverse effects in contrast to use of marijuana are believed to stem from the fact that many of the [[synthetic cannabinoids]] are full agonists to the cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, compared to THC which is only a partial agonist and thus not able to saturate and activate all of the receptor population no matter of dose and resulting concentration.[46]

Synthetic cannabinoids are known to be active at microgram doses. Because of this, it is extremely important to start with very low doses until a reasonable tolerance is built to the materials.

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 [[File:Cannabis Plant.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|A flowering [[cannabis]] plant, the most common source of cannabinoids.]]
 [[File:USMC-100201-M-3762C-001.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|A bag of Spice brand herbal incense. This contains [[Synthetic cannabinoid|synthetic cannabinoids]] which produce a similar effect to that of [[cannabis]].]]
-'''Cannabinoids''' are a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors on cells that repress neurotransmitter release in the brain. These receptor proteins include the endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body by humans and animals),<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> the phytocannabinoids (found in [[cannabis]] and some other plants), and synthetic cannabinoids (manufactured chemically). The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid [[∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC), the primary psychoactive compound of cannabis.<ref>The endocannabinoid system: drug targets, lead compounds, and potential therapeutic applications | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078824</ref><ref>Pertwee, Roger, ed. (2005). Cannabinoids. Springer-Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 3-540-22565-X.</ref> Cannabidiol (CBD) is another major constituent of the plant, representing up to 40% in extracts of the plant resin.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html</ref> There are at least 85 different cannabinoids isolated from cannabis which exhibit varied effects.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html</ref>
+'''Cannabinoids''' are a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors on cells that repress neurotransmitter release in the brain. These receptor proteins include the endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body by humans and animals),<ref>The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968947</ref> the phytocannabinoids (found in [[cannabis]] and some other plants), and [[synthetic cannabinoids]] (manufactured chemically). The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid [[∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC), the primary psychoactive compound of cannabis.<ref>The endocannabinoid system: drug targets, lead compounds, and potential therapeutic applications | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078824</ref><ref>Pertwee, Roger, ed. (2005). Cannabinoids. Springer-Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 3-540-22565-X.</ref> Cannabidiol (CBD) is another major constituent of the plant, representing up to 40% in extracts of the plant resin.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html</ref> There are at least 85 different cannabinoids isolated from cannabis which exhibit varied effects.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html</ref>
 Synthetic cannabinoids encompass a variety of distinct chemical classes: the classical cannabinoids structurally related to [[THC]]; the nonclassical cannabinoids (cannabimimetics) including the aminoalkylindoles, 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, quinolines, and arylsulphonamides; and eicosanoids related to the endocannabinoids.<ref>The endocannabinoid system: drug targets, lead compounds, and potential therapeutic applications | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078824</ref><ref>Pertwee, Roger, ed. (2005). Cannabinoids. Springer-Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 3-540-22565-X.</ref>
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 Compared to cannabis and its active cannabinoid THC, the adverse effects are often much more severe and can include hypertension, tachycardia, myocardial infarction,[36] agitation, vomiting, hallucinations, psychoses, seizures, convulsions[37] and panic attacks.[38][39][40][41][42] Among individuals who need emergency treatment after using synthetic cannabis, the most common symptoms are accelerated heartbeat, high blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision, hallucination and agitation.[43] Other symptoms included epileptic seizures, acute psychosis, and heart attacks.[43]
-The use of synthetic cannabinoids can be associated with psychosis. In contrast to most other recreational drugs, the dramatic psychotic state induced by use of synthetic cannabinoids has been reported, in multiple cases, to persist for several weeks, and in one case for seven months, after complete cessation of drug use.[50] Individuals with risk factors for psychotic disorders are often counseled against using synthetic cannabinoids.[51]
+The use of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] can be associated with psychosis. In contrast to most other recreational drugs, the dramatic psychotic state induced by use of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] has been reported, in multiple cases, to persist for several weeks, and in one case for seven months, after complete cessation of drug use.[50] Individuals with risk factors for psychotic disorders are often counseled against using synthetic cannabinoids.[51]
-These more severe adverse effects in contrast to use of marijuana are believed to stem from the fact that many of the synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists to the cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, compared to THC which is only a partial agonist and thus not able to saturate and activate all of the receptor population no matter of dose and resulting concentration.[46]
+These more severe adverse effects in contrast to use of marijuana are believed to stem from the fact that many of the [[synthetic cannabinoids]] are full agonists to the cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, compared to THC which is only a partial agonist and thus not able to saturate and activate all of the receptor population no matter of dose and resulting concentration.[46]
 Synthetic cannabinoids are known to be active at microgram doses. Because of this, it is extremely important to start with very low doses until a reasonable tolerance is built to the materials.