Routes of administration: Difference between revisions

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The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly ~~effect~~ the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain routes over others and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route is highly dependent on the substance consumed, the desired duration of the substance, and one's personal comfort.

The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly impact the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain routes over others and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route is highly dependent on the substance consumed, the desired duration of the substance, and one's personal comfort.

===Oral===

Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration, allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. The onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between individual substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods and duration and absorption is longer as well.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>

Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration, allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. The onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between individual substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods and the duration and absorption are longer as well.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>

===Sublingual===

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===Smoked/Vaporized===

Smoking or vaporizing substances is a common method of consumption with the most common examples ~~of which~~ including [[cannabis]] and [[tobacco]]. The vaporization of substances can lead to an almost instantaneous absorption of the substance and passage through the blood brain barrier.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> When a substance is smoked or vaporized, the substance is absorbed through blood vessels found in the bronchi tubes contained within the lungs. Like insufflation, the duration is decreased while its intensity is increased in proportion to oral absorption. Smoking or vaporizing a substance also bypasses the GI tract's tendency to break certain substances down, such as [[DMT]].

Smoking or vaporizing substances is a common method of consumption with the most common examples including [[cannabis]] and [[tobacco]]. The vaporization of substances can lead to an almost instantaneous absorption of the substance and passage through the blood brain barrier.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> When a substance is smoked or vaporized, the substance is absorbed through blood vessels found in the bronchi tubes contained within the lungs. Like insufflation, the duration is decreased while its intensity is increased in proportion to oral absorption. Smoking or vaporizing a substance also bypasses the GI tract's tendency to break certain substances down, such as [[DMT]].

===Intravenous===

Intravenous administration refers to a drug being directly introduced into the bloodstream using a hypodermic needle. This method has the benefit of a very short onset and eliminates absorption by directly entering the bloodstream<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref>. However, much greater care must be taken when compared to other methods of administration. Sterilized, unused needles and a high purity substance with little to no adulterant are required to avoid damage to the circulatory system.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/279/3/1345.short</ref> Making sure no air bubbles are present in the reservoir before the plunger is released is also of dire importance, as air bubbles in the bloodstream can easily be lethal.<ref>http://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajr/article/viewFile/34461/6388</ref> This route is commonly used with substances such as [[heroin]], but can be employed with almost any pure substance.

Intravenous administration refers to a drug being directly introduced into the bloodstream using a hypodermic needle. This method has the benefit of a very short onset and eliminates absorption by directly entering the bloodstream.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref>. However, much greater care must be taken when compared to other methods of administration. Sterilized, unused needles and a high purity substance with little to no adulterant are required to avoid damage to the circulatory system.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/279/3/1345.short</ref> Making sure no air bubbles are present in the reservoir before the plunger is released is also of dire importance as air bubbles in the bloodstream can easily be lethal.<ref>http://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajr/article/viewFile/34461/6388</ref> This route is commonly used with substances such as [[heroin]], but can be employed with almost any pure substance.

===Intramuscular===

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===Rectal/Plugging===

Rectal administration, also commonly referred to as plugging, is one of the most effective methods of administration for many substances.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/244/1/23.short</ref> <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> The absorption rate is very high compared to other methods and the onset is usually very short, generally with a higher intensity and shorter duration. This is due to the large amount of arteries located in the rectum; thus rectal administration is often superior to other methods, despite social stigma.

Rectal administration, also commonly referred to as plugging, is one of the most effective methods of administration for many substances.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/244/1/23.short</ref> <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> The absorption rate is very high compared to other methods and the onset is usually very short, generally with a higher intensity and shorter duration. This is due to the large amount of arteries located in the rectum; thus rectal administration is often superior to other methods despite social stigma.

==See Also==

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 {{Proofread}}
-The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly effect the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain routes over others and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route is highly dependent on the substance consumed, the desired duration of the substance, and one's personal comfort.
+The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly impact the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain routes over others and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route is highly dependent on the substance consumed, the desired duration of the substance, and one's personal comfort.
 ===Oral===
-Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration, allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. The onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between individual substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods and duration and absorption is longer as well.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>
+Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration, allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. The onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between individual substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods and the duration and absorption are longer as well.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>
 ===Sublingual===
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ===Smoked/Vaporized===
-Smoking or vaporizing substances is a common method of consumption with the most common examples of which including [[cannabis]] and [[tobacco]]. The vaporization of substances can lead to an almost instantaneous absorption of the substance and passage through the blood brain barrier.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> When a substance is smoked or vaporized, the substance is absorbed through blood vessels found in the bronchi tubes contained within the lungs. Like insufflation, the duration is decreased while its intensity is increased in proportion to oral absorption. Smoking or vaporizing a substance also bypasses the GI tract's tendency to break certain substances down, such as [[DMT]].
+Smoking or vaporizing substances is a common method of consumption with the most common examples including [[cannabis]] and [[tobacco]]. The vaporization of substances can lead to an almost instantaneous absorption of the substance and passage through the blood brain barrier.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> When a substance is smoked or vaporized, the substance is absorbed through blood vessels found in the bronchi tubes contained within the lungs. Like insufflation, the duration is decreased while its intensity is increased in proportion to oral absorption. Smoking or vaporizing a substance also bypasses the GI tract's tendency to break certain substances down, such as [[DMT]].
 ===Intravenous===
-Intravenous administration refers to a drug being directly introduced into the bloodstream using a hypodermic needle. This method has the benefit of a very short onset and eliminates absorption by directly entering the bloodstream<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref>. However, much greater care must be taken when compared to other methods of administration. Sterilized, unused needles and a high purity substance with little to no adulterant are required to avoid damage to the circulatory system.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/279/3/1345.short</ref> Making sure no air bubbles are present in the reservoir before the plunger is released is also of dire importance, as air bubbles in the bloodstream can easily be lethal.<ref>http://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajr/article/viewFile/34461/6388</ref> This route is commonly used with substances such as [[heroin]], but can be employed with almost any pure substance.
+Intravenous administration refers to a drug being directly introduced into the bloodstream using a hypodermic needle. This method has the benefit of a very short onset and eliminates absorption by directly entering the bloodstream.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref>. However, much greater care must be taken when compared to other methods of administration. Sterilized, unused needles and a high purity substance with little to no adulterant are required to avoid damage to the circulatory system.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/279/3/1345.short</ref> Making sure no air bubbles are present in the reservoir before the plunger is released is also of dire importance as air bubbles in the bloodstream can easily be lethal.<ref>http://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajr/article/viewFile/34461/6388</ref> This route is commonly used with substances such as [[heroin]], but can be employed with almost any pure substance.
 ===Intramuscular===
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ===Rectal/Plugging===
-Rectal administration, also commonly referred to as plugging, is one of the most effective methods of administration for many substances.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/244/1/23.short</ref> <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> The absorption rate is very high compared to other methods and the onset is usually very short, generally with a higher intensity and shorter duration. This is due to the large amount of arteries located in the rectum; thus rectal administration is often superior to other methods, despite social stigma.
+Rectal administration, also commonly referred to as plugging, is one of the most effective methods of administration for many substances.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/244/1/23.short</ref> <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> The absorption rate is very high compared to other methods and the onset is usually very short, generally with a higher intensity and shorter duration. This is due to the large amount of arteries located in the rectum; thus rectal administration is often superior to other methods despite social stigma.
 ==See Also==