Routes of administration: Difference between revisions

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The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly effect the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain routes over others and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route is highly dependent on the substance consumed, the desired duration of the substance, and one's personal comfort.

===Oral===

Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. ~~Onset~~ is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods, and duration and absorption is longer.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>

Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration, allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. The onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between individual substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods and duration and absorption is longer as well.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>

===Sublingual===

Sublingual administration refers to absorption under the tongue. <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> It is a common route of administration for drugs such as [[LSD]]. Sublingual administration can result in a faster absorption. It also circumvents the GI tract's tendency to break down certain drugs, such as [[25I-NBOMe]] which absorbs via sublingual and buccal administration but not orally. Sublingual administration results in the substance being absorbed through the large lingual artery present underneath the tongue.

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 The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly effect the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain routes over others and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route is highly dependent on the substance consumed, the desired duration of the substance, and one's personal comfort.
 ===Oral===
-Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. Onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods, and duration and absorption is longer.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>
+Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration, allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. The onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between individual substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods and duration and absorption is longer as well.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>
 ===Sublingual===
 Sublingual administration refers to absorption under the tongue. <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> It is a common route of administration for drugs such as [[LSD]]. Sublingual administration can result in a faster absorption. It also circumvents the GI tract's tendency to break down certain drugs, such as [[25I-NBOMe]] which absorbs via sublingual and buccal administration but not orally. Sublingual administration results in the substance being absorbed through the large lingual artery present underneath the tongue.