Routes of administration: Difference between revisions

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The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly effect the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain ~~ROA's~~ over others, and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route of administration is highly dependent on the substance consumed, desired duration of the substance,and personal comfort.

The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly effect the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain ROAs over others, and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route of administration is highly dependent on the substance consumed, desired duration of the substance,and personal comfort.

===Oral===

Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. Onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods, and duration and absorption is longer.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>

===Sublingual===

Sublingual administration refers to absorption under the tongue. <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> It is a common route of administration for drugs such as [[LSD]]. Sublingual administration can result in a faster absorption. It also circumvents the GI ~~tracts~~ tendency to break down certain drugs, such as [[25I-NBOMe]], which absorbs via sublingual and buccal administration but not orally. Sublingual administration results in the substance being absorbed through the large lingual artery present underneath the tongue.

Sublingual administration refers to absorption under the tongue. <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> It is a common route of administration for drugs such as [[LSD]]. Sublingual administration can result in a faster absorption. It also circumvents the GI tract's tendency to break down certain drugs, such as [[25I-NBOMe]] which absorbs via sublingual and buccal administration but not orally. Sublingual administration results in the substance being absorbed through the large lingual artery present underneath the tongue.

===Buccal===

Buccal administration refers to absorption in the cheek and gum. This is commonly employed when ingesting drugs such as [[25I-NBOMe|25I-NBOMe]], [[LSD]], and other substances contained within blotter paper. Like sublingual, the substance is largely absorbed through the lingual artery but is also absorbed through gum lining. This method is also used when chewing plant leaves such as [[Khat]], [[Kratom]], [[Salvia Divinorum]], and commonly [[Tobacco]].

===Insufflation===

Insufflation (also referred to as snorting), refers to introducing a substance into the sinus via the ~~nosrils~~. Insufflation is a very common method for substances in powder form. Many users find this ROA to be painful and uncomfortable although certain substances are easier to insufflate than others. This method is capable of rapid absorption through mucous membranes and blood vessels in the sinus. Absorption and onset is generally much more rapid and subsequently a substance feels much more intense and often shorter acting than if taken orally. Insufflation is common among drugs such as [[cocaine]] and [[ketamine]], but is also known amongst yopo rituals~~, and insufflating~~ [[tobacco]] in snuff form was common practice in the 20th century.

Insufflation (also referred to as snorting) refers to introducing a substance into the sinus via the nostrils. Insufflation is a very common method for substances in powder form. Many users find this ROA to be painful and uncomfortable, although certain substances are easier to insufflate than others. This method is capable of rapid absorption through mucous membranes and blood vessels in the sinus. Absorption and onset is generally much more rapid and subsequently a substance feels much more intense and often shorter acting than if taken orally. Insufflation is common among drugs such as [[cocaine]] and [[ketamine]], but is also known amongst yopo rituals. Insufflating [[tobacco]] in snuff form was common practice in the 20th century.

===Smoked/Vaporized===

Smoking or vaporizing substances is a common method of consumption, the most common examples of which include [[cannabis]] and [[tobacco]]. Vaporization of substances can lead to an almost instantaneous absorption of the substance and passage through the blood brain barrier.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> When a substance is smoked or vaporized, the substance is absorbed through blood vessels found in the bronchi tubes contained within the lungs. Like insufflation, duration is decreased while intensity is increased in proportion to oral absorption. Smoking or vaporizing a substance also bypasses the GI ~~tracts~~ tendency to break certain substances down, such as [[DMT]].

Smoking or vaporizing substances is a common method of consumption, the most common examples of which include [[cannabis]] and [[tobacco]]. Vaporization of substances can lead to an almost instantaneous absorption of the substance and passage through the blood brain barrier.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> When a substance is smoked or vaporized, the substance is absorbed through blood vessels found in the bronchi tubes contained within the lungs. Like insufflation, duration is decreased while intensity is increased in proportion to oral absorption. Smoking or vaporizing a substance also bypasses the GI tract's tendency to break certain substances down, such as [[DMT]].

===Intravenous===

Intravenous administration refers to a drug being directly introduced into the bloodstream using a hypodermic needle. This method has the benefit of very short onset and eliminates absorption by directly entering the bloodstream<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref>, however much greater care must be taken when compared to other methods of administration. Sterilized, unused needles and a high purity substance with little to no adulterant is required to avoid damage to the circulatory system.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/279/3/1345.short</ref> Making sure no air bubbles are present in the reservoir before the plunger is released is also of dire importance, as air bubbles in the bloodstream can easily be lethal.<ref>http://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajr/article/viewFile/34461/6388</ref> This method is commonly used with substances such as [[Heroin]], but can be employed with almost any pure substance.

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-The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly effect the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain ROA's over others, and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route of administration is highly dependent on the substance consumed, desired duration of the substance,and personal comfort.
+The method in which a substance has been ingested can greatly effect the potency, duration, and overall experience of a drug. Many substances are more effective when consumed using certain ROAs over others, and some drugs are completely inactive using certain routes of administration. Determining a route of administration is highly dependent on the substance consumed, desired duration of the substance,and personal comfort.
 ===Oral===
 Arguably the most common route of administration for most classes of drugs, oral administration allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels contained in the stomach. Onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion, varying between substances.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> This method can also cause a greater propensity for nausea compared to other methods, and duration and absorption is longer.<ref>http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/1988/12000/Analgesic_and_Hyperalgesic_Effects_of_Midazolam_.10.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US4229447</ref>
 ===Sublingual===
-Sublingual administration refers to absorption under the tongue. <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> It is a common route of administration for drugs such as [[LSD]]. Sublingual administration can result in a faster absorption. It also circumvents the GI tracts tendency to break down certain drugs, such as [[25I-NBOMe]], which absorbs via sublingual and buccal administration but not orally. Sublingual administration results in the substance being absorbed through the large lingual artery present underneath the tongue.
+Sublingual administration refers to absorption under the tongue. <ref>http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/1/69.extract</ref> It is a common route of administration for drugs such as [[LSD]]. Sublingual administration can result in a faster absorption. It also circumvents the GI tract's tendency to break down certain drugs, such as [[25I-NBOMe]] which absorbs via sublingual and buccal administration but not orally. Sublingual administration results in the substance being absorbed through the large lingual artery present underneath the tongue.
 ===Buccal===
 Buccal administration refers to absorption in the cheek and gum. This is commonly employed when ingesting drugs such as [[25I-NBOMe|25I-NBOMe]], [[LSD]], and other substances contained within blotter paper. Like sublingual, the substance is largely absorbed through the lingual artery but is also absorbed through gum lining. This method is also used when chewing plant leaves such as [[Khat]], [[Kratom]], [[Salvia Divinorum]], and commonly [[Tobacco]].
 ===Insufflation===
-Insufflation (also referred to as snorting), refers to introducing a substance into the sinus via the nosrils. Insufflation is a very common method for substances in powder form. Many users find this ROA to be painful and uncomfortable although certain substances are easier to insufflate than others. This method is capable of rapid absorption through mucous membranes and blood vessels in the sinus. Absorption and onset is generally much more rapid and subsequently a substance feels much more intense and often shorter acting than if taken orally. Insufflation is common among drugs such as [[cocaine]] and [[ketamine]], but is also known amongst yopo rituals, and insufflating [[tobacco]] in snuff form was common practice in the 20th century.
+Insufflation (also referred to as snorting) refers to introducing a substance into the sinus via the nostrils. Insufflation is a very common method for substances in powder form. Many users find this ROA to be painful and uncomfortable, although certain substances are easier to insufflate than others. This method is capable of rapid absorption through mucous membranes and blood vessels in the sinus. Absorption and onset is generally much more rapid and subsequently a substance feels much more intense and often shorter acting than if taken orally. Insufflation is common among drugs such as [[cocaine]] and [[ketamine]], but is also known amongst yopo rituals. Insufflating [[tobacco]] in snuff form was common practice in the 20th century.
 ===Smoked/Vaporized===
-Smoking or vaporizing substances is a common method of consumption, the most common examples of which include [[cannabis]] and [[tobacco]]. Vaporization of substances can lead to an almost instantaneous absorption of the substance and passage through the blood brain barrier.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> When a substance is smoked or vaporized, the substance is absorbed through blood vessels found in the bronchi tubes contained within the lungs. Like insufflation, duration is decreased while intensity is increased in proportion to oral absorption. Smoking or vaporizing a substance also bypasses the GI tracts tendency to break certain substances down, such as [[DMT]].
+Smoking or vaporizing substances is a common method of consumption, the most common examples of which include [[cannabis]] and [[tobacco]]. Vaporization of substances can lead to an almost instantaneous absorption of the substance and passage through the blood brain barrier.<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref> When a substance is smoked or vaporized, the substance is absorbed through blood vessels found in the bronchi tubes contained within the lungs. Like insufflation, duration is decreased while intensity is increased in proportion to oral absorption. Smoking or vaporizing a substance also bypasses the GI tract's tendency to break certain substances down, such as [[DMT]].
 ===Intravenous===
 Intravenous administration refers to a drug being directly introduced into the bloodstream using a hypodermic needle. This method has the benefit of very short onset and eliminates absorption by directly entering the bloodstream<ref>http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v28/n3/abs/clpt1980181a.html</ref>, however much greater care must be taken when compared to other methods of administration. Sterilized, unused needles and a high purity substance with little to no adulterant is required to avoid damage to the circulatory system.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/279/3/1345.short</ref> Making sure no air bubbles are present in the reservoir before the plunger is released is also of dire importance, as air bubbles in the bloodstream can easily be lethal.<ref>http://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajr/article/viewFile/34461/6388</ref> This method is commonly used with substances such as [[Heroin]], but can be employed with almost any pure substance.