Routes of administration: Difference between revisions

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===Oral===

Oral administration is the most common route of administration for most substance classes. This route allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels lining the stomach and intestines. The onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion as it must undergo first-pass metabolism through the liver (may vary greatly between individual substances).<ref name="Ohlsson1980">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ohlsson, A.)), ((Lindgren, J.-E.)), ((Wahlen, A.)), ((Agurell, S.)), ((Hollister, L. E.)), ((Gillespie, H. K.)) | journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | title=Plasma delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking | volume=28 | issue=3 | pages=409–416 | date= September 1980 | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1038/clpt.1980.181 | issn=0009-9236 | doi=10.1038/clpt.1980.181}}</ref> Additionally, the absorption and overall duration are generally longer as well.

Non-oral administration methods circumvent the gastrointestinal tract's breakdown of certain compounds like [[DMT]], which would otherwise necessitate the use of [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOIs), referred to as [[pharmahuasca]] or [[ayahuasca]] when the MAOI and DMT originate from plant extracts, if ingested orally. However, combining MAOIs with many psychoactive substances or tyramine-rich foods can be extremely dangerous.

====Risks====

This method can also have a greater propensity for [[nausea]] and gastrointestinal discomfort.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Niv, D.)), ((Davidovich, S.)), ((Geller, E.)), ((Urca, G.)) | journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia | title=Analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of midazolam: dependence on route of administration | volume=67 | issue=12 | pages=1169–1173 | date= December 1988 | issn=0003-2999}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Porter, W. R.)) | title=Intraoral methods of using benzodiazepines | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4229447/en}}</ref>

Non-oral administration methods circumvent the gastrointestinal tract's breakdown of certain compounds like [[DMT]], which would otherwise necessitate the use of [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOIs), referred to as [[pharmahuasca]] or [[ayahuasca]] when the MAOI and DMT originate from plant extracts, if ingested orally. However, combining MAOIs with many psychoactive substances or tyramine-rich foods can be extremely dangerous.

===Sublingual===

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 ===Oral===
 Oral administration is the most common route of administration for most substance classes. This route allows a substance to be absorbed through blood vessels lining the stomach and intestines. The onset is generally slower than other methods of ingestion as it must undergo first-pass metabolism through the liver (may vary greatly between individual substances).<ref name="Ohlsson1980">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ohlsson, A.)), ((Lindgren, J.-E.)), ((Wahlen, A.)), ((Agurell, S.)), ((Hollister, L. E.)), ((Gillespie, H. K.)) | journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | title=Plasma delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking | volume=28 | issue=3 | pages=409–416 | date= September 1980 | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1038/clpt.1980.181 | issn=0009-9236 | doi=10.1038/clpt.1980.181}}</ref> Additionally, the absorption and overall duration are generally longer as well.
-Non-oral administration methods circumvent the gastrointestinal tract's breakdown of certain compounds like [[DMT]], which would otherwise necessitate the use of [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOIs), referred to as [[pharmahuasca]] or [[ayahuasca]] when the MAOI and DMT originate from plant extracts, if ingested orally. However, combining MAOIs with many psychoactive substances or tyramine-rich foods can be extremely dangerous.
 ====Risks====
 This method can also have a greater propensity for [[nausea]] and gastrointestinal discomfort.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Niv, D.)), ((Davidovich, S.)), ((Geller, E.)), ((Urca, G.)) | journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia | title=Analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of midazolam: dependence on route of administration | volume=67 | issue=12 | pages=1169–1173 | date= December 1988 | issn=0003-2999}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Porter, W. R.)) | title=Intraoral methods of using benzodiazepines | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4229447/en}}</ref>
+Non-oral administration methods circumvent the gastrointestinal tract's breakdown of certain compounds like [[DMT]], which would otherwise necessitate the use of [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOIs), referred to as [[pharmahuasca]] or [[ayahuasca]] when the MAOI and DMT originate from plant extracts, if ingested orally. However, combining MAOIs with many psychoactive substances or tyramine-rich foods can be extremely dangerous.
 ===Sublingual===