Cannabis: Difference between revisions

Line 2:

'''Cannabis''' (also known as ~~THC~~, ~~Dro~~, ~~Weed~~, ~~Ganja~~, ~~Loud~~, ~~Pack~~ <ref name="merriamhemp">{{Citation | title=Definition of HEMP | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemp}}</ref> and many others) is a preparation of the cannabis plant that produces psychoactive effects when consumed (via [[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], or [[oral|ingestion]]). It is the most used illicit substance in the world.<ref name="ErowidCannabisVaultLegalStatus">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Legal Status | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_law.shtml}}</ref><ref name="WDR-2010">{{Citation | title=WDR-2010 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html}}</ref> The mechanism of action is [[agonist|binding activity]] at [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]] distributed throughout the body.{{citation needed}}

'''Cannabis''' (also known as '''thc''','''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword">{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Marijuana (word) | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijuana_(word)&oldid=1097216058}}</ref> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed">{{Citation | title=Definition of WEED | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weed}}</ref> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot">{{Citation | title=Definition of POT | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pot}}</ref>, '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass">{{Citation | title=Definition of GRASS | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grass}}</ref> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp">{{Citation | title=Definition of HEMP | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemp}}</ref> and many others) is a preparation of the cannabis plant that produces psychoactive effects when consumed (via [[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], or [[oral|ingestion]]). It is the most used illicit substance in the world.<ref name="ErowidCannabisVaultLegalStatus">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Legal Status | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_law.shtml}}</ref><ref name="WDR-2010">{{Citation | title=WDR-2010 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html}}</ref> The mechanism of action is [[agonist|binding activity]] at [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]] distributed throughout the body.{{citation needed}}

The principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which makes up one of 483 known compounds in the plant,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Russo, E. B.)) | date=5 September 2013 | title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential | publisher=Routledge | isbn=9781136614934}}</ref> including at least 84 other [[Chemical class::cannabinoid|cannabinoids]] such as [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((El-Alfy, A. T.)), ((Ivey, K.)), ((Robinson, K.)), ((Ahmed, S.)), ((Radwan, M.)), ((Slade, D.)), ((Khan, I.)), ((ElSohly, M.)), ((Ross, S.)) | journal=Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior | title=Antidepressant-like effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L | volume=95 | issue=4 | pages=434–442 | date= June 2010 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866040/ | issn=0091-3057 | doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fusar-Poli, P.)), ((Crippa, J. A.)), ((Bhattacharyya, S.)), ((Borgwardt, S. J.)), ((Allen, P.)), ((Martin-Santos, R.)), ((Seal, M.)), ((Surguladze, S. A.)), ((O’Carrol, C.)), ((Atakan, Z.)), ((Zuardi, A. W.)), ((McGuire, P. K.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Distinct Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing | volume=66 | issue=1 | pages=95 | date=1 January 2009 | url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482939 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519}}</ref> and cannabigerol (CBG). At least three species are recognized: ''Cannabis sativa'', ''Cannabis indica'', and ''Cannabis ruderalis''.{{citation needed}}

Line 8:

The earliest recorded uses of cannabis date from the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Booth, M.)) | date=30 September 2011 | title=Cannabis: A History | publisher=Random House | isbn=9781409084891}}</ref> In modern times, cannabis is used for [[recreational drug use|recreational]] or medicinal and religious or spiritual purposes.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Clarke, P. B.)) | date= 1986 | title=Black paradise: the Rastafarian movement | publisher=Aquarian Pr | series=New Religious Movements Series | isbn=9780850304282}}</ref> It played a central role in the 1960s youth counterculture movement and is associated with the art and music of this era.{{citation needed}}

[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[visual, disconnection]] and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.

[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[visual, disconnection|visual disconnection]], and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.

Lower doses are associated with relaxing effects similar to a [[depressant]]. Higher doses are associated with mild-to-moderate [[hallucinogenic]] effects such as [[geometry|visual hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]] and [[time distortion]], as well as a greater risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[delusions]] (generally more prevalent with sativa strains).

Line 31:

The word ''cannabis'' is from Greek κάνναβις (''kánnabis'') (see Latin ''cannabis''), which was originally Scythian or Thracian.<ref name="etymonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cannabis|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Etymonline.com|access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> It is related to the Persian ''kanab'', the English ''canvas'' and possibly the English ''hemp'' (Old English ''hænep'').<ref name="etymonline" />

===Common names===

Cannabis has [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis numerous common and street names]. The most common ones are: '''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword"~~>{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Marijuana (word) | url=https:~~/~~/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijuana_(word)&oldid=1097216058}}</ref~~> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed"~~>{{Citation | title=Definition of WEED | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weed}}<~~/~~ref~~> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot"~~>{{Citation | title=Definition of POT | url=https:~~/~~/www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pot}}</ref~~>, '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass"~~>{{Citation | title=Definition of GRASS | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary~~/~~grass}}</ref~~> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp" />, '''ganja, THC'''.

Cannabis has [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis numerous common and street names]. The most common ones are: '''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword" /> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed" /> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot" />, '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass" /> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp" />, '''ganja, THC'''.

==Chemistry==

Line 208:

*'''Vaporizers''' heat herbal cannabis to 165–190 °C (329–374 °F), causing the active ingredients to evaporate into a vapor without burning the plant material (the boiling point of THC is 157 °C (315 °F) at 760 mmHg pressure).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((McPartland, J. M.)), ((Russo, E. B.)) | journal=Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics | title=Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts: Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts? | volume=1 | issue=3–4 | pages=103–132 | date= June 2001 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J175v01n03_08 | issn=1529-9775 | doi=10.1300/J175v01n03_08}}</ref>

*'''Cannabis tea''' contains relatively small concentrations of THC because THC is an oil (lipophilic) and is only slightly water-soluble (with a solubility of 2.8 mg per liter).<ref>Dronabinol | http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/1972-08-3</ref> Cannabis tea is made by first adding a saturated fat to hot water (e.g., cream or any milk except skim) with a small amount of cannabis.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Gieringer, D. H.)), ((Rosenthal, E.)) | date= 2008 | title=Marijuana Medical Handbook: Practical Guide to Therapeutic Uses of Marijuana | publisher=Ed Rosenthal | isbn=9780932551863}}</ref>

*'''Edibles''' are cannabis added as an ingredient to one of a variety of foods.~~<ref>https://flowzz.com/ratgeber/cannabis-edibles</ref>~~

*'''Edibles''' are cannabis added as an ingredient to one of a variety of foods.

*'''Sublingual/buccal''' consumption typically involves the absorption of cannabinoids through the membranes inside the mouth (usually through a candy or tincture).

*'''Tincture'''

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{SubstanceBox/Cannabis}}
-'''Cannabis''' (also known as THC, Dro, Weed, Ganja, Loud, Pack <ref name="merriamhemp">{{Citation | title=Definition of HEMP | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemp}}</ref> and many others) is a preparation of the cannabis plant that produces psychoactive effects when consumed (via [[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], or [[oral|ingestion]]). It is the most used illicit substance in the world.<ref name="ErowidCannabisVaultLegalStatus">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Legal Status | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_law.shtml}}</ref><ref name="WDR-2010">{{Citation | title=WDR-2010 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html}}</ref> The mechanism of action is [[agonist|binding activity]] at [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]] distributed throughout the body.{{citation needed}}
+'''Cannabis''' (also known as '''thc''','''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword">{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Marijuana (word) | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijuana_(word)&oldid=1097216058}}</ref> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed">{{Citation | title=Definition of WEED | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weed}}</ref> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot">{{Citation | title=Definition of POT | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pot}}</ref>, '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass">{{Citation | title=Definition of GRASS | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grass}}</ref> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp">{{Citation | title=Definition of HEMP | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemp}}</ref> and many others) is a preparation of the cannabis plant that produces psychoactive effects when consumed (via [[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], or [[oral|ingestion]]). It is the most used illicit substance in the world.<ref name="ErowidCannabisVaultLegalStatus">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Legal Status | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_law.shtml}}</ref><ref name="WDR-2010">{{Citation | title=WDR-2010 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html}}</ref> The mechanism of action is [[agonist|binding activity]] at [[cannabinoid]] [[receptors]] distributed throughout the body.{{citation needed}}
 The principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which makes up one of 483 known compounds in the plant,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Russo, E. B.)) | date=5 September 2013 | title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential | publisher=Routledge | isbn=9781136614934}}</ref> including at least 84 other [[Chemical class::cannabinoid|cannabinoids]] such as [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((El-Alfy, A. T.)), ((Ivey, K.)), ((Robinson, K.)), ((Ahmed, S.)), ((Radwan, M.)), ((Slade, D.)), ((Khan, I.)), ((ElSohly, M.)), ((Ross, S.)) | journal=Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior | title=Antidepressant-like effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L | volume=95 | issue=4 | pages=434–442 | date= June 2010 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866040/ | issn=0091-3057 | doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fusar-Poli, P.)), ((Crippa, J. A.)), ((Bhattacharyya, S.)), ((Borgwardt, S. J.)), ((Allen, P.)), ((Martin-Santos, R.)), ((Seal, M.)), ((Surguladze, S. A.)), ((O’Carrol, C.)), ((Atakan, Z.)), ((Zuardi, A. W.)), ((McGuire, P. K.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Distinct Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing | volume=66 | issue=1 | pages=95 | date=1 January 2009 | url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482939 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519}}</ref> and cannabigerol (CBG). At least three species are recognized: ''Cannabis sativa'', ''Cannabis indica'', and ''Cannabis ruderalis''.{{citation needed}}
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 The earliest recorded uses of cannabis date from the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Booth, M.)) | date=30 September 2011 | title=Cannabis: A History | publisher=Random House | isbn=9781409084891}}</ref> In modern times, cannabis is used for [[recreational drug use|recreational]] or medicinal and religious or spiritual purposes.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Clarke, P. B.)) | date= 1986 | title=Black paradise: the Rastafarian movement | publisher=Aquarian Pr | series=New Religious Movements Series | isbn=9780850304282}}</ref> It played a central role in the 1960s youth counterculture movement and is associated with the art and music of this era.{{citation needed}}
-[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[visual, disconnection]] and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.
+[[Subjective effects]] include [[sedation]], [[appetite enhancement]], [[immersion enhancement]], [[creativity enhancement]], [[increased sense of humor]], [[increased music appreciation]], [[visual, disconnection|visual disconnection]], and [[euphoria]]. The effects can vary widely depending on dose, [[Cannabis#Strains and forms|strain & form]], tolerance, and [[set and setting]]. Notably, it can either strongly [[anxiety suppression|suppress]] or [[anxiety|enhance anxiety]] depending on the individual and situation.
 Lower doses are associated with relaxing effects similar to a [[depressant]]. Higher doses are associated with mild-to-moderate [[hallucinogenic]] effects such as [[geometry|visual hallucinations]], [[conceptual thinking]] and [[time distortion]], as well as a greater risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[delusions]] (generally more prevalent with sativa strains).
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 The word ''cannabis'' is from Greek κάνναβις (''kánnabis'') (see Latin ''cannabis''), which was originally Scythian or Thracian.<ref name="etymonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cannabis|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Etymonline.com|access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> It is related to the Persian ''kanab'', the English ''canvas'' and possibly the English ''hemp'' (Old English ''hænep'').<ref name="etymonline" />
 ===Common names===
-Cannabis has [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis numerous common and street names]. The most common ones are: '''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword">{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Marijuana (word) | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marijuana_(word)&oldid=1097216058}}</ref> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed">{{Citation | title=Definition of WEED | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weed}}</ref> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot">{{Citation | title=Definition of POT | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pot}}</ref>, '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass">{{Citation | title=Definition of GRASS | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grass}}</ref> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp" />, '''ganja, THC'''.
+Cannabis has [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis numerous common and street names]. The most common ones are: '''marijuana''',<ref name="wikimarijuanaword" /> '''weed''',<ref name="merriamweed" /> '''pot''',<ref name="merriampot" />, '''grass''',<ref name="merriamgrass" /> '''hemp''',<ref name="merriamhemp" />, '''ganja, THC'''.
 ==Chemistry==
@@ Line 208: / Line 208: @@
 *'''Vaporizers''' heat herbal cannabis to 165–190 °C (329–374 °F), causing the active ingredients to evaporate into a vapor without burning the plant material (the boiling point of THC is 157 °C (315 °F) at 760 mmHg pressure).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((McPartland, J. M.)), ((Russo, E. B.)) | journal=Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics | title=Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts: Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts? | volume=1 | issue=3–4 | pages=103–132 | date= June 2001 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J175v01n03_08 | issn=1529-9775 | doi=10.1300/J175v01n03_08}}</ref>
 *'''Cannabis tea''' contains relatively small concentrations of THC because THC is an oil (lipophilic) and is only slightly water-soluble (with a solubility of 2.8 mg per liter).<ref>Dronabinol | http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/1972-08-3</ref> Cannabis tea is made by first adding a saturated fat to hot water (e.g., cream or any milk except skim) with a small amount of cannabis.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Gieringer, D. H.)), ((Rosenthal, E.)) | date= 2008 | title=Marijuana Medical Handbook: Practical Guide to Therapeutic Uses of Marijuana | publisher=Ed Rosenthal | isbn=9780932551863}}</ref>
-*'''Edibles''' are cannabis added as an ingredient to one of a variety of foods.<ref>https://flowzz.com/ratgeber/cannabis-edibles</ref>
+*'''Edibles''' are cannabis added as an ingredient to one of a variety of foods.
 *'''Sublingual/buccal''' consumption typically involves the absorption of cannabinoids through the membranes inside the mouth (usually through a candy or tincture).
 *'''Tincture'''