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Opioids: Difference between revisions
>Brack →Mu (μ): pharmacology - interactions of mu receptor with serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine |
>Brack →Chemistry: effects - added elaboration for sedation and stimulation |
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|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
*'''[[Sedation]]''' | *'''[[Stimulation]] or [[Sedation]]''' - At light doses, mu opioid agonists often produce mild to moderate stimulation due to enhancing dopamine and serotonin signaling, which gradually changes to sedation with higher doses due to inhibition of norepinephrine. Opioids with stronger activity at kappa and nociceptin opioid receptors such as [[fentanyl]] and [[morphine]] tend to be more sedating than opioids which primarily act on mu opioid receptors like [[kratom]] and [[tianeptine]] | ||
*'''[[Respiratory depression|Respiratory depression]]''' - At low to moderate doses, this effect results in the sensation that the breath is slowed down mildly to moderately, but does not cause noticeable impairment. At high doses and overdoses, opioid-induced respiratory depression can result in a shortness of breath, abnormal breathing patterns, semi-consciousness, or unconsciousness. Severe overdoses can result in a coma or death without immediate medical attention. | *'''[[Respiratory depression|Respiratory depression]]''' - At low to moderate doses, this effect results in the sensation that the breath is slowed down mildly to moderately, but does not cause noticeable impairment. At high doses and overdoses, opioid-induced respiratory depression can result in a shortness of breath, abnormal breathing patterns, semi-consciousness, or unconsciousness. Severe overdoses can result in a coma or death without immediate medical attention. | ||
*'''[[Pain relief]]''' | *'''[[Pain relief]]''' | ||