Talk:Crack cocaine synthesis: Difference between revisions

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[[File:502px-Crack Ingredients.JPG|thumb|200px|right|In order for cocaine (in plastic bag at bottom) to be converted to crack, several supplies are needed. Pictured here are baking soda (a commonly used base in making crack) a metal spoon, a tea light, and a cigarette lighter. The spoon is held over the heat source in order to "cook" the cocaine into crack.]]

[[Sodium bicarbonate]] (NaHCO3, common baking soda) is a base used in the preparation of crack, although other [[weak ~~base]]s~~ may substitute for it.<ref name="Treadwell2007">{{cite journal |last1=Treadwell |first1=SD |last2=Robinson |first2=TG |title=Cocaine use and stroke |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |date=June 2007 |volume=83 |issue=980 |pages=389–94 |pmid=17551070|pmc=2600058|type=Review |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.055970}}</ref><ref name="NYCCocaineAbuse">{{cite web |title=Cocaine Abuse & Addiction |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/cocaine-abuse-and-addiction.page |website=www1.nyc.gov |publisher=City of New York}}</ref> The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate is

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, common baking soda) is a base used in the preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it.<ref name="Treadwell2007">{{cite journal |last1=Treadwell |first1=SD |last2=Robinson |first2=TG |title=Cocaine use and stroke |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |date=June 2007 |volume=83 |issue=980 |pages=389–94 |pmid=17551070|pmc=2600058|type=Review |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.055970}}</ref><ref name="NYCCocaineAbuse">{{cite web |title=Cocaine Abuse & Addiction |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/cocaine-abuse-and-addiction.page |website=www1.nyc.gov |publisher=City of New York}}</ref> The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate is

:Coc-H+Cl− + NaHCO3 → Coc + H2O + CO2 + NaCl

With [[ammonium bicarbonate]]:

With ammonium bicarbonate:

:Coc-H+Cl− + NH4HCO3 → Coc + ~~[[ammonium chloride|~~NH4Cl]] + CO2 + H2O

:Coc-H+Cl− + NH4HCO3 → Coc + NH4Cl (ammonium chloride) + CO2 + H2O

With [[ammonium carbonate]]:

With ammonium carbonate:

:2(Coc-H+Cl−) + (NH4)2CO3 → 2 Coc + 2 NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O

Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,<ref name=AMCcrac/> although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack themselves. This process is frequently done with ~~[[Sodium bicarbonate|~~baking soda]] (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming [[free base]] cocaine and [[carbonic acid]] (H2CO3) in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) and water. Loss of CO2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. [[Free base]] cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape.

Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,<ref name=AMCcrac/> although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack themselves. This process is frequently done with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Loss of CO2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:502px-Crack Ingredients.JPG|thumb|200px|right|In order for cocaine (in plastic bag at bottom) to be converted to crack, several supplies are needed. Pictured here are baking soda (a commonly used base in making crack) a metal spoon, a tea light, and a cigarette lighter. The spoon is held over the heat source in order to "cook" the cocaine into crack.]]
-[[Sodium bicarbonate]] (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, common baking soda) is a base used in the preparation of crack, although other [[weak base]]s may substitute for it.<ref name="Treadwell2007">{{cite journal |last1=Treadwell |first1=SD |last2=Robinson |first2=TG |title=Cocaine use and stroke |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |date=June 2007 |volume=83 |issue=980 |pages=389–94 |pmid=17551070|pmc=2600058|type=Review |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.055970}}</ref><ref name="NYCCocaineAbuse">{{cite web |title=Cocaine Abuse & Addiction |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/cocaine-abuse-and-addiction.page |website=www1.nyc.gov |publisher=City of New York}}</ref> The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate is
+Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, common baking soda) is a base used in the preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it.<ref name="Treadwell2007">{{cite journal |last1=Treadwell |first1=SD |last2=Robinson |first2=TG |title=Cocaine use and stroke |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |date=June 2007 |volume=83 |issue=980 |pages=389–94 |pmid=17551070|pmc=2600058|type=Review |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.055970}}</ref><ref name="NYCCocaineAbuse">{{cite web |title=Cocaine Abuse & Addiction |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/cocaine-abuse-and-addiction.page |website=www1.nyc.gov |publisher=City of New York}}</ref> The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate is
 :Coc-H<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>−</sup> + NaHCO<sub>3</sub> → Coc + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> + NaCl
-With [[ammonium bicarbonate]]:
+With ammonium bicarbonate:
-:Coc-H<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>−</sup> + NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub> → Coc + [[ammonium chloride|NH<sub>4</sub>Cl]] + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
+:Coc-H<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>−</sup> + NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub> → Coc + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (ammonium chloride) + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
-With [[ammonium carbonate]]:
+With ammonium carbonate:
 :2(Coc-H<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>−</sup>) + (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → 2 Coc + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
-Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,<ref name=AMCcrac/> although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack themselves. This process is frequently done with [[Sodium bicarbonate|baking soda]] (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming [[free base]] cocaine and [[carbonic acid]] (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water. Loss of CO<sub>2</sub> prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. [[Free base]] cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape.
+Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,<ref name=AMCcrac/> although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack themselves. This process is frequently done with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water. Loss of CO<sub>2</sub> prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape.