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PCP: Difference between revisions

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'''Phencyclidine''' (also known as '''PCP''', '''Angel Dust''', '''Sherm''', and '''Sernyl''')<ref>PCP Fast Facts | http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/</ref> is a classical [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] class. It is one of the oldest and most notorious dissociatives, known for its potent effects and reputation as an established "street drug" (along with [[cocaine]] and [[heroin]]).<ref>Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 9780071481274. </ref> It produces its effects by [[NMDA receptor antagonist|blocking the NMDA receptor]].<ref>Kapur, S., & Seeman, P. (2002). NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2receptors--implications for models of schizophrenia. Molecular psychiatry, 7(8), 837. | http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v7/n8/full/4001093a.html</ref>


'''Phencyclidine''' (also known as '''PCP''', '''Angel Dust''', '''Sherm''', and '''Sernyl''')<ref>PCP Fast Facts | http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/</ref> is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] chemical class that produces potent, long-lived [[dissociative|dissociating]], [[Pain relief|anesthetic]], [[stimulating]], [[disinhibition|disinhibiting]] and [[hallucinogenic]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]].  
First marketed in the 1950s as an anesthetic pharmaceutical drug, PCP was taken off the market in 1965 due to the high rate of [[hallucinogenic]] side effects. It emerged as a recreational substance in mid-1967, under the name "The Peace Pill".<ref>"Peace Pill". Microgram. Bureau of Drug Abuse Control. Jan 1968. 1(3):p1 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/periodicals/microgram/microgram_1968_01_v01n03.pdf</ref><ref>"Sweet Streetfact's Lowdown on Low Dope Highs!". Berkeley Tribe, September 10-16, 1971. p12 (Independent Voices) | https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28033860?seq=12</ref> Since this time, a number of synthetic derivatives of PCP (e.g. [[3-MeO-PCP]], [[4-MeO-PCP]], [[MXE]]) have been sold as dissociative drugs for both recreational and non-medical use.<ref name="morris">From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24678061</ref>


PCP acts primarily as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]], meaning it binds to and blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor, the receptor responsible for the transmission of neural impulses in the central nervous system.<ref>Kapur, S., & Seeman, P. (2002). NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2receptors--implications for models of schizophrenia. Molecular psychiatry, 7(8), 837. | http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v7/n8/full/4001093a.html</ref>
[[Subjective effects]] include [[motor control loss]], [[pain relief]], [[internal hallucinations]], [[memory suppression]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[euphoria]], and [[depersonalization]] / [[disconnective effects|dissociation]]. Routes of administration include [[oral]], [[Routes of administration#Smoking|smoking]], [[insufflation]] or [[Routes of administration#Injection|injection]].<ref>NIDA. (2016, January 11). Hallucinogens. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens on 2017, October 29 | http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/hallucinogens.html</ref> The effects are among the most potent and long-lasting in the class. Additionally, PCP is reported to have strong [[stimulation|stimulating]] effects that can promote [[anxiety]] and motor activity.


It was marketed in the 1950s as an anesthetic pharmaceutical drug but was taken off the market in 1965 due to the high prevalence of dissociating and [[hallucinogenic]] side effects it produced. Afterward, a similar structurally related compound named [[ketamine]] was discovered by Parke-Davis researchers as a better-tolerated derivative for use as an anesthetic pharmaceutical drug.  
PCP has high abuse potential. [[Compulsive redosing]] has been reported, as well as psychological dependence following chronic use (i.e. high dose, repeated administration). Additionally, it is suspected of producing neurotoxicity as well as bladder toxicity.{{citation needed}} It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.


PCP emerged as a recreational drug in mid-1967, under the name "The Peace Pill".<ref>"Peace Pill". Microgram. Bureau of Drug Abuse Control. Jan 1968. 1(3):p1 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/periodicals/microgram/microgram_1968_01_v01n03.pdf</ref><ref>"Sweet Streetfact's Lowdown on Low Dope Highs!". Berkeley Tribe, September 10-16, 1971. p12 (Independent Voices) | https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28033860?seq=12</ref> Since this time, a number of synthetic derivatives of PCP have been sold as dissociative drugs for both recreational and non-medical use.<ref name="morris">From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24678061</ref> As an established "street drug", PCP is associated with compulsive abuse.<ref>Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 9780071481274. </ref><ref name="morris" />
==History and culture==
After being discovered in 1926, PCP was developed as a general anesthetic in the 1950s because it could achieve analgesia and anesthesia with minimal cardiovascular and respiratory suppression. It was marketed under the name Sernyl and began to be used in surgical procedures in 1963.<ref name="Journey>Journey JD, Bentley TP. Phencyclidine Toxicity. 2021 Sep 12. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–. PMID: 29939642.</ref>


As a recreational substance, PCP may be ingested [[orally]], [[Routes of administration#Smoking|smoked]], [[insufflated]] or via [[Routes of administration#Injection|injection]].<ref>NIDA. (2016, January 11). Hallucinogens. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens on 2017, October 29 | http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/hallucinogens.html</ref> Due to its potent dissociative and stimulant effects, known habit-forming properties as well as an established toxicity profile, it is strongly recommended that one use proper [[Responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance.
By 1967, it was discontinued due to postoperative dysphoria and hallucinations. After 1967, it was limited to veterinary use. Also in the 1960s, PCP began to be illegally manufactured in laboratories and emerged as a popular street drug in San Francisco. In the 1970s, PCP use became widespread.<ref name="Journey"/>
 
===Common names===
Common street names for PCP are the peace pill, angel dust, crystal joints, rocket fuel, sawgrass, zoom, the sheets, and elephant tranquilizer.<ref name="Journey"/>


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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