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Dihydrocodeine: Difference between revisions
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Dihydrocodeine is available as tablets, solutions, elixirs, and other oral forms. In some countries, the drug is available as an injectable solution for deep subcutaneous and intra-muscular administration. As with codeine, intravenous administration should be avoided as it could result in anaphylaxis and dangerous pulmonary edema. Dihydrocodeine is available in suppository form on prescription.{{citation needed}} | Dihydrocodeine is available as tablets, solutions, elixirs, and other oral forms. In some countries, the drug is available as an injectable solution for deep subcutaneous and intra-muscular administration. As with codeine, intravenous administration should be avoided as it could result in anaphylaxis and dangerous pulmonary edema. Dihydrocodeine is available in suppository form on prescription.{{citation needed}} | ||
Dihydrocodeine is used as an alternative or adjunct to [[codeine]] and is similar in chemical structure. | Dihydrocodeine is used as an alternative or adjunct to [[codeine]] and is similar in chemical structure. Dihydrocodeine is slightly more analgesic.<ref>Leppert W. Dihydrocodeine as an opioid analgesic for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic pain. Curr Drug Metab. 2010 Jul;11(6):494-506. doi: 10.2174/138920010791636211. PMID: 20540693. | ||
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20540693/</ref> | |||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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*'''Sweden''': Dihydrocodeine is a prescription only medication.<ref>Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 1997:12) om förteckningar över narkotika, konsoliderad version t.o.m. LVFS 2010:1</ref> | *'''Sweden''': Dihydrocodeine is a prescription only medication.<ref>Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 1997:12) om förteckningar över narkotika, konsoliderad version t.o.m. LVFS 2010:1</ref> | ||
*'''Switzerland''': Dihydrocodeine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis A. Medicinal use is permitted. Some preparations containing dihydrocodeine are included in Verzechnis C, while certain ones are excluded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': Dihydrocodeine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis A. Medicinal use is permitted. Some preparations containing dihydrocodeine are included in Verzechnis C, while certain ones are excluded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom:''' In the United Kingdom, dihydrocodeine is a Class B drug; but, it is available over-the-counter in small amounts (less than 8 mg), when combined with paracetamol (see co-dydramol). Dihydrocodeine is listed in Schedule 5 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 whereby it is exempt from prohibition on possession provided that it is in the form of a single preparation not being designed for injection and less than 100 mg (calculated as free base) or with a total concentration less than 2.5% (calculated as free base). Illegal possession of dihydrocodeine can result in up to 5 years in prison and/or | *'''United Kingdom:''' In the United Kingdom, dihydrocodeine is a Class B drug; but, it is available over-the-counter in small amounts (less than 8 mg), when combined with paracetamol (see co-dydramol). Dihydrocodeine is listed in Schedule 5 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 whereby it is exempt from prohibition on possession provided that it is in the form of a single preparation not being designed for injection and less than 100 mg (calculated as free base) or with a total concentration less than 2.5% (calculated as free base).<ref>The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001, SCHEDULE 5 | ||
CONTROLLED DRUGS EXCEPTED FROM THE PROHIBITION ON IMPORTATION, EXPORTATION AND POSSESSION AND SUBJECT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF REGULATIONS 24 AND 26<nowiki/>https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2001/3998/schedule/5/made</ref> Illegal possession of dihydrocodeine can result in up to 5 years in prison and/or a fine.<ref>Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, s.5(2)</ref> | |||
*'''United States:''' In the USA, dihydrocodeine is a DEA Schedule II substance, although preparations containing small amounts of dihydrocodeine are classified as Schedule III or Schedule V, depending on the concentration of dihydrocodeine relative to other active constituents, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). This scheduling is similar to the UK's. The DEA's ACSCN for dihydrocodeine free base and all salts is 9120. The 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota is 250 kilos.{{citation needed}} | *'''United States:''' In the USA, dihydrocodeine is a DEA Schedule II substance, although preparations containing small amounts of dihydrocodeine are classified as Schedule III or Schedule V, depending on the concentration of dihydrocodeine relative to other active constituents, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). This scheduling is similar to the UK's. The DEA's ACSCN for dihydrocodeine free base and all salts is 9120. The 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota is 250 kilos.{{citation needed}} | ||