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Nootropic: Difference between revisions
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The word ''nootropic'' was coined in 1972 by a Romanian psychologist and chemist, Corneliu E. Giurgea,<ref name="isbn0-06-088473-8">{{Cite book|author=Gazzaniga, Michael S. |title=The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas (P.S.) |publisher=Harper Perennial |location=New York, N.Y |year=2006 |page=184 |isbn=0-06-088473-8 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4541214">{{Cite journal|author=Giurgea C |title=[Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain. Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology] ("Vers une pharmacologie de l'active integrative du cerveau: Tentative du concept nootrope en psychopharmacologie") |language=French |journal=Actual Pharmacol (Paris) |volume=25 |issue= |pages=115–56 |year=1972 |pmid=4541214 |doi= |url=}}</ref> from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words νοῦς (''nous''), or "mind", and τρέπειν (''trepein''), meaning to bend or turn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nootropic|title=nootropic {{!}} Definition of nootropic in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Dr. Giurgea proposed the following criteria for determining whether or not a substance fits the "nootropic" descriptor: | The word ''nootropic'' was coined in 1972 by a Romanian psychologist and chemist, Corneliu E. Giurgea,<ref name="isbn0-06-088473-8">{{Cite book|author=Gazzaniga, Michael S. |title=The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas (P.S.) |publisher=Harper Perennial |location=New York, N.Y |year=2006 |page=184 |isbn=0-06-088473-8 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4541214">{{Cite journal|author=Giurgea C |title=[Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain. Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology] ("Vers une pharmacologie de l'active integrative du cerveau: Tentative du concept nootrope en psychopharmacologie") |language=French |journal=Actual Pharmacol (Paris) |volume=25 |issue= |pages=115–56 |year=1972 |pmid=4541214 |doi= |url=}}</ref> from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words νοῦς (''nous''), or "mind", and τρέπειν (''trepein''), meaning to bend or turn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nootropic|title=nootropic {{!}} Definition of nootropic in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Dr. Giurgea proposed the following criteria for determining whether or not a substance fits the "nootropic" descriptor: | ||
* Enhancement of learning and memory function | |||
* Improvement of learned behaviors when conditions are set to disrupt them (e.g. administering an amnesiac) | *Enhancement of learning and memory function | ||
* Must be neuroprotective | *Improvement of learned behaviors when conditions are set to disrupt them (e.g. administering an amnesiac) | ||
* Must be extremely low in toxicity, with few to no side effects | *Must be neuroprotective | ||
*Must be extremely low in toxicity, with few to no side effects | |||
However, the term has come to acquire a popular meaning that does not require all of these criteria. | However, the term has come to acquire a popular meaning that does not require all of these criteria. | ||
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*'''[[Memory enhancement|Memory enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Memory enhancement|Memory enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Stimulation|Stimulation]]''' | *'''[[Stimulation|Stimulation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]''' | *'''[[Anxiety suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Wakefulness]]''' | *'''[[Wakefulness]]''' | ||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
===[[Racetams]]=== | ===[[Racetams]]=== | ||
* [[Aniracetam]] | |||
* [[Coluracetam]] | *[[Aniracetam]] | ||
* [[Fasoracetam]] | *[[Coluracetam]] | ||
* [[Nefiracetam]] | *[[Fasoracetam]] | ||
* [[Oxiracetam]] | *[[Nefiracetam]] | ||
* [[Phenylpiracetam]] | *[[Oxiracetam]] | ||
* [[Piracetam]] | *[[Phenylpiracetam]] | ||
* [[Pramiracetam]] | *[[Piracetam]] | ||
*[[Pramiracetam]] | |||
===Afinils=== | ===Afinils=== | ||
* [[Adrafinil]] | |||
* [[Armodafinil]] | *[[Adrafinil]] | ||
* [[N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil]] | *[[Armodafinil]] | ||
* [[Modafinil]] | *[[N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil]] | ||
*[[Modafinil]] | |||
===Nutrients=== | ===Nutrients=== | ||
* [[Alpha-GPC]] | |||
* [[Choline bitartrate]] | *[[Alpha-GPC]] | ||
* [[Citicoline]] | *[[Choline bitartrate]] | ||
* [[Creatine]] | *[[Citicoline]] | ||
* [[SAM-e]] | *[[Creatine]] | ||
* [[Tyrosine]] | *[[SAM-e]] | ||
*[[Tyrosine]] | |||
=== Ampkines === | |||
* [[IDRA-21]] | |||
===Others=== | ===Others=== | ||
* [[5-HTP]] | |||
* [[Bromantane]] | *[[5-HTP]] | ||
* [[Caffeine]] | *[[Bromantane]] | ||
* [[Cotinine]] | *[[Caffeine]] | ||
* [[Theanine|L-Theanine]] | *[[Cotinine]] | ||
* [[Memantine]] | *[[Theanine|L-Theanine]] | ||
* [[N-Acetylcysteine]] | *[[Memantine]] | ||
* [[Nicotine]] | *[[N-Acetylcysteine]] | ||
* [[Noopept]] | *[[Nicotine]] | ||
* [[Prolintane]] | *[[Noopept]] | ||
* [[Theacrine]] | *[[Prolintane]] | ||
* [[Tianeptine]] | *[[Theacrine]] | ||
*[[Tianeptine]] | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Responsible use]] | *[[Responsible use]] | ||
*[[Psychoactive substance index]] | *[[Psychoactive substance index]] | ||
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*[[Depressants]] | *[[Depressants]] | ||
*[[Hallucinogens]] | *[[Hallucinogens]] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic Nootropic (Wikipedia)] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic Nootropic (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/ Nootropics / Smart Drugs (Erowid)] | *[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/ Nootropics / Smart Drugs (Erowid)] | ||
*[https://examine.com/supplements/nootropic/ Nootropic (Examine.com)] | *[https://examine.com/supplements/nootropic/ Nootropic (Examine.com)] | ||
===Discussion=== | ===Discussion=== | ||
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/ /r/Nootropics (Reddit)] | *[https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/ /r/Nootropics (Reddit)] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Nootropic|*]] | [[Category:Nootropic|*]] | ||