Gabapentin: Difference between revisions

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'''Gabapentin''' (also known as '''Neurontin''') is a [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::gabapentinoid]] class ~~which~~ is ~~used as an~~ [[~~anticonvulsant~~]], [[~~analgesic~~]] and ~~[[anxiolytic]]. It was originally developed to treat epilepsy and is currently used to relieve neuropathic pain and [[restless leg syndrome]]~~.<ref>~~Restless legs syndrome~~: clinical ~~presentation diagnosis~~ and ~~treatment~~ | ~~http://www.sleep-~~journal~~.com/article/S1389-9457(15)00647-4/abstract</ref> It is recommended as a first line agent for the treatment~~ of ~~neuropathic pain arising from diabetic neuropathy, post~~-~~herpetic neuralgia, and central neuropathic pain~~.~~<ref>EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision (PubMed.gov~~ / ~~NCBI) | https://www~~.~~ncbi~~.~~nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20402746~~</ref>

'''Gabapentin''' (also known as '''Neurontin''') is a [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::gabapentinoid]] class. It is a structural analog of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[GABA]] and acts by inhibiting certain calcium channels in the brain.<ref name="CalandreRico-Villademoros2016">{{cite journal|last1=Calandre|first1=Elena P.|last2=Rico-Villademoros|first2=Fernando|last3=Slim|first3=Mahmoud|title=Alpha2delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=16|issue=11|year=2016|pages=1263–1277|issn=1473-7175|doi=10.1080/14737175.2016.1202764}}</ref>

Gabapentin is used off-label to treat social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and general anxiety disorder.<ref>Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D3zz1NCm3qcC&pg=PA345&hl=en</ref><ref>Successful Psychopharmacology: Evidence-Based Treatment Solutions for Achieving Remission | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnAlO_Veu2QC&pg=PA124&hl=en</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82oiYYHGNTQC&pg=PA765&hl=en</ref> Its efficacy in the treatment of these disorders is unclear as the evidence is "somewhat mixed".<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502773] The role of anticonvulsants in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence.</ref><ref>[https://www.jmcp.org/doi/abs/10.18553/jmcp.2002.8.4.266] Gabapentin Use in a Managed Medicaid Population</ref><ref>[https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/727539/narrative-review-promotion-gabapentin-analysis-internal-industry-documents] Promotion of Gabapentin</ref>

Gabapentin was originally developed to treat epilepsy and is currently used to relieve neuropathic pain and [[restless leg syndrome]].<ref>Restless legs syndrome: clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment | http://www.sleep-journal.com/article/S1389-9457(15)00647-4/abstract</ref> It is recommended as a first line agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain arising from diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and central neuropathic pain.<ref>EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20402746</ref> Gabapentin is also used off-label to treat social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and general anxiety disorder.<ref>Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D3zz1NCm3qcC&pg=PA345&hl=en</ref><ref>Successful Psychopharmacology: Evidence-Based Treatment Solutions for Achieving Remission | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnAlO_Veu2QC&pg=PA124&hl=en</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82oiYYHGNTQC&pg=PA765&hl=en</ref> Its efficacy in the treatment of these disorders is unclear as the evidence is "somewhat mixed".<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502773] The role of anticonvulsants in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence.</ref><ref>[https://www.jmcp.org/doi/abs/10.18553/jmcp.2002.8.4.266] Gabapentin Use in a Managed Medicaid Population</ref><ref>[https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/727539/narrative-review-promotion-gabapentin-analysis-internal-industry-documents] Promotion of Gabapentin</ref>

~~It's~~ analgesic and anxiolytic effects provide gabapentin with some recreational potential in a manner that can be ~~accurately~~ compared to a mild [[benzodiazepine]]. However, these recreational effects diminish very quickly with repeated usage and are most commonly reported by those who do not have a tolerance to this compound.

[[Subjective effects]] include mild to moderate [[anxiety suppression]], [[pain relief]], and [[muscle relaxation]]. Its analgesic and anxiolytic effects provide gabapentin with some recreational potential in a manner that can be compared to a mild [[benzodiazepine]]. However, these recreational effects diminish very quickly with repeated usage and are most commonly reported by those who do not have a tolerance to this compound.

Gabapentin is considered to have low abuse potential compared to most recreational depressants. However, chronic use can lead to physical dependence. Additionally, there is a risk of lethal overdose when it is combined with other depressants (a relatively common practice considering its weak effects). As a result, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.

==Chemistry==

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 {{SummarySheet}}
 {{SubstanceBox/GABApentin}}
-'''Gabapentin''' (also known as '''Neurontin''') is a [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::gabapentinoid]] class which is used as an [[anticonvulsant]], [[analgesic]] and [[anxiolytic]]. It was originally developed to treat epilepsy and is currently used to relieve neuropathic pain and [[restless leg syndrome]].<ref>Restless legs syndrome: clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment | http://www.sleep-journal.com/article/S1389-9457(15)00647-4/abstract</ref> It is recommended as a first line agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain arising from diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and central neuropathic pain.<ref>EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20402746</ref>
+'''Gabapentin''' (also known as '''Neurontin''') is a [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::gabapentinoid]] class. It is a structural analog of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[GABA]] and acts by inhibiting certain calcium channels in the brain.<ref name="CalandreRico-Villademoros2016">{{cite journal|last1=Calandre|first1=Elena P.|last2=Rico-Villademoros|first2=Fernando|last3=Slim|first3=Mahmoud|title=Alpha2delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=16|issue=11|year=2016|pages=1263–1277|issn=1473-7175|doi=10.1080/14737175.2016.1202764}}</ref>
-Gabapentin is used off-label to treat social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and general anxiety disorder.<ref>Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D3zz1NCm3qcC&pg=PA345&hl=en</ref><ref>Successful Psychopharmacology: Evidence-Based Treatment Solutions for Achieving Remission | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnAlO_Veu2QC&pg=PA124&hl=en</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82oiYYHGNTQC&pg=PA765&hl=en</ref> Its efficacy in the treatment of these disorders is unclear as the evidence is "somewhat mixed".<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502773] The role of anticonvulsants in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence.</ref><ref>[https://www.jmcp.org/doi/abs/10.18553/jmcp.2002.8.4.266] Gabapentin Use in a Managed Medicaid Population</ref><ref>[https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/727539/narrative-review-promotion-gabapentin-analysis-internal-industry-documents] Promotion of Gabapentin</ref>
+Gabapentin was originally developed to treat epilepsy and is currently used to relieve neuropathic pain and [[restless leg syndrome]].<ref>Restless legs syndrome: clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment | http://www.sleep-journal.com/article/S1389-9457(15)00647-4/abstract</ref> It is recommended as a first line agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain arising from diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and central neuropathic pain.<ref>EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20402746</ref> Gabapentin is also used off-label to treat social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and general anxiety disorder.<ref>Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D3zz1NCm3qcC&pg=PA345&hl=en</ref><ref>Successful Psychopharmacology: Evidence-Based Treatment Solutions for Achieving Remission | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnAlO_Veu2QC&pg=PA124&hl=en</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82oiYYHGNTQC&pg=PA765&hl=en</ref> Its efficacy in the treatment of these disorders is unclear as the evidence is "somewhat mixed".<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502773] The role of anticonvulsants in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence.</ref><ref>[https://www.jmcp.org/doi/abs/10.18553/jmcp.2002.8.4.266] Gabapentin Use in a Managed Medicaid Population</ref><ref>[https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/727539/narrative-review-promotion-gabapentin-analysis-internal-industry-documents] Promotion of Gabapentin</ref>
-It's analgesic and anxiolytic effects provide gabapentin with some recreational potential in a manner that can be accurately compared to a mild [[benzodiazepine]]. However, these recreational effects diminish very quickly with repeated usage and are most commonly reported by those who do not have a tolerance to this compound.
+[[Subjective effects]] include mild to moderate [[anxiety suppression]], [[pain relief]], and [[muscle relaxation]]. Its analgesic and anxiolytic effects provide gabapentin with some recreational potential in a manner that can be compared to a mild [[benzodiazepine]]. However, these recreational effects diminish very quickly with repeated usage and are most commonly reported by those who do not have a tolerance to this compound.
+Gabapentin is considered to have low abuse potential compared to most recreational depressants. However, chronic use can lead to physical dependence. Additionally, there is a risk of lethal overdose when it is combined with other depressants (a relatively common practice considering its weak effects). As a result, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
 ==Chemistry==