Dihydrocodeine: Difference between revisions

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'''Dihydrocodeine''' is a semi-synthetic [[chemical class::morphinan]] [[psychoactive class::opioid]] [[analgesic]] prescribed for pain, or as an [[antitussive]] (either alone or compounded with paracetamol or aspirin). It was developed in Germany in 1908 and first marketed in 1911.<ref>http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qoyYobgX0uwC&pg=PA404&lpg=PA404&dq=dihydrocodeine+1908+1911&source=bl&ots=Y7ALb1Yqjo&sig=FIkb3K4UwiXhn8LeO2EzXgxOGQk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-mq9UsT5J4a10QXT0ID4CQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=dihydrocodeine%201908%201911&f=false</ref>

Dihydrocodeine is also known as ''Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone.'' Its many brand names include ''Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Panlor SS, Contugesic, New Bron Solution-ACE, Huscode, Drocode, Paracodin, Codidol, Dehace, Didor Continus, Dicogesic, Codhydrine, Dekacodin, DH-Codeine, Didrate, Dihydrin, Hydrocodin, Makatussin, Nadeine, Novicodin, Rapacodin, Fortuss, Paramol, Remedeine, Dico and DF-118''.

Dihydrocodeine is also known as ''Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone.'' Its many brand names include ''Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Panlor SS, Contugesic, New Bron Solution-ACE, Huscode, Drocode, Paracodin,''<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20190525105330/https://www.gelbe-liste.de/wirkstoffe/Dihydrocodein_1788</ref> ''Codidol, Dehace, Didor Continus, Dicogesic, Codhydrine, Dekacodin, DHC,''<ref name=":0" /> ''DH-Codeine, Didrate, Dihydrin, Hydrocodin, Makatussin, Nadeine, Novicodin, Rapacodin, Fortuss, Paramol, Remedeine, Dico and DF-118''.

Dihydrocodeine is available as tablets, solutions, elixirs, and other oral forms. In some countries, the drug is available as an injectable solution for deep subcutaneous and intra-muscular administration. As with codeine, intravenous administration should be avoided as it could result in anaphylaxis and dangerous pulmonary edema. Dihydrocodeine is available in suppository form on prescription.

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===Binding affinities (K<sub>i</sub>)<ref>Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors - Helmut Schmidt et al. (August 2002) | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x/full</ref>===

* Mu opioid agonist - 325 nM

* Kappa opioid agonist - 14242 nM

*Mu opioid agonist - 325 nM

* Delta opioid agonist - 5905 nM

*Kappa opioid agonist - 14242 nM

*Delta opioid agonist - 5905 nM

Dihydrocodeine itself is a weak ligand for the opioid receptors however its main active metabolite - [[dihydromorphine]] and one of its metabolites - dihydromorphine-6-O-glucuronide show much stronger agonistic effects.<ref>Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors - Helmut Schmidt et al. (August 2002) | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x/full</ref>

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===Experience reports===

There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:

* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Dihydrocodeine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Dihydrocodeine]

*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Dihydrocodeine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Dihydrocodeine]

==Toxicity and harm potential==

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==Legal status==

*'''Austria:''' Dihydrocodeine is legal for medical use under the AMG (Arzneimittelgesetz Österreich) and illegal when sold or possessed without a prescription under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}

*'''Germany:''' Dihydrocodeine is a controlled substance under Anlage III of the BtMG. It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form. There is an exception for preperations, containing up to 2,5% or 100mg dihydrocodeine per unit, which can be prescripted on a regular prescription, if not prescripted to an alcohol or drug dependent person.<ref>http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html</ref>

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==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Extraction of opioids from painkiller products]]

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==External links==

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrocodeine Dihydrocodeine (Wikipedia)]

*[https://www.erowid.org/pharms/dihydrocodeine/ Dihydrocodeine (Erowid Vault)]

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==Literature==

* Schmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x

* Koch T, Höllt V (2008). Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003

*Schmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x

* Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain. Science, 182 (4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359

*Koch T, Höllt V (2008). Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003

* Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 198 (2): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1123-x.

*Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain. Science, 182 (4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359

* Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review (2011). Folia Biol. (Praha). 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954.

*Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 198 (2): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1123-x.

*Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review (2011). Folia Biol. (Praha). 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954.

==References==

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 '''Dihydrocodeine''' is a semi-synthetic [[chemical class::morphinan]] [[psychoactive class::opioid]] [[analgesic]] prescribed for pain, or as an [[antitussive]] (either alone or compounded with paracetamol or aspirin). It was developed in Germany in 1908 and first marketed in 1911.<ref>http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qoyYobgX0uwC&pg=PA404&lpg=PA404&dq=dihydrocodeine+1908+1911&source=bl&ots=Y7ALb1Yqjo&sig=FIkb3K4UwiXhn8LeO2EzXgxOGQk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-mq9UsT5J4a10QXT0ID4CQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=dihydrocodeine%201908%201911&f=false</ref>
-Dihydrocodeine is also known as ''Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone.'' Its many brand names include ''Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Panlor SS, Contugesic, New Bron Solution-ACE, Huscode, Drocode, Paracodin, Codidol, Dehace, Didor Continus, Dicogesic, Codhydrine, Dekacodin, DH-Codeine, Didrate, Dihydrin, Hydrocodin, Makatussin, Nadeine, Novicodin, Rapacodin, Fortuss, Paramol, Remedeine, Dico and DF-118''.
+Dihydrocodeine is also known as ''Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone.'' Its many brand names include ''Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Panlor SS, Contugesic, New Bron Solution-ACE, Huscode, Drocode, Paracodin,''<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20190525105330/https://www.gelbe-liste.de/wirkstoffe/Dihydrocodein_1788</ref> ''Codidol, Dehace, Didor Continus, Dicogesic, Codhydrine, Dekacodin, DHC,''<ref name=":0" /> ''DH-Codeine, Didrate, Dihydrin, Hydrocodin, Makatussin, Nadeine, Novicodin, Rapacodin, Fortuss, Paramol, Remedeine, Dico and DF-118''.
 Dihydrocodeine is available as tablets, solutions, elixirs, and other oral forms. In some countries, the drug is available as an injectable solution for deep subcutaneous and intra-muscular administration. As with codeine, intravenous administration should be avoided as it could result in anaphylaxis and dangerous pulmonary edema. Dihydrocodeine is available in suppository form on prescription.
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 ===Binding affinities (K<sub>i</sub>)<ref>Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors - Helmut Schmidt et al. (August 2002) | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x/full</ref>===
-* Mu opioid agonist - 325 nM
-* Kappa opioid agonist - 14242 nM
+*Mu opioid agonist - 325 nM
-* Delta opioid agonist - 5905 nM
+*Kappa opioid agonist - 14242 nM
+*Delta opioid agonist - 5905 nM
 Dihydrocodeine itself is a weak ligand for the opioid receptors however its main active metabolite - [[dihydromorphine]] and one of its metabolites - dihydromorphine-6-O-glucuronide show much stronger agonistic effects.<ref>Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors - Helmut Schmidt et al. (August 2002) | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x/full</ref>
@@ Line 69: / Line 71: @@
 ===Experience reports===
 There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
-* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Dihydrocodeine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Dihydrocodeine]
+*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Dihydrocodeine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Dihydrocodeine]
 ==Toxicity and harm potential==
@@ Line 89: / Line 92: @@
 ==Legal status==
 *'''Austria:''' Dihydrocodeine is legal for medical use under the AMG (Arzneimittelgesetz Österreich) and illegal when sold or possessed without a prescription under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}
 *'''Germany:''' Dihydrocodeine is a controlled substance under Anlage III of the BtMG. It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form. There is an exception for preperations, containing up to 2,5% or 100mg dihydrocodeine per unit, which can be prescripted on a regular prescription, if not prescripted to an alcohol or drug dependent person.<ref>http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html</ref>
@@ Line 98: / Line 102: @@
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Extraction of opioids from painkiller products]]
@@ Line 104: / Line 109: @@
 ==External links==
 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrocodeine Dihydrocodeine (Wikipedia)]
 *[https://www.erowid.org/pharms/dihydrocodeine/ Dihydrocodeine (Erowid Vault)]
@@ Line 109: / Line 115: @@
 ==Literature==
-* Schmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63.  https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x
-* Koch T, Höllt V (2008). Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003
+*Schmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63.  https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.x
-* Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain. Science, 182 (4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359
+*Koch T, Höllt V (2008). Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003
-* Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 198 (2): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1123-x.
+*Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain. Science, 182 (4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359
-* Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review (2011). Folia Biol. (Praha). 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954.
+*Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 198 (2): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1123-x.
+*Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review (2011). Folia Biol. (Praha). 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954.
 ==References==
 <references />