Anxiety suppression: Difference between revisions

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'''Anxiety suppression''' (also known as '''anxiolysis''' or '''minimal sedation''')<ref>National Cancer Institute. (2016). NCI dictionary of cancer terms. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/anxiolysis</ref> is a partial to complete suppression of a person’s ability to feel anxiety, general unease, and negative feelings of both psychological and physiological tension.<ref>Gordon~~, J.~~ A. ~~(2002).~~ Anxiolytic drug targets: beyond the usual suspects~~. The~~ Journal of ~~clinical investigation,~~ 110(7~~), 915~~-~~917. https://dx.~~doi~~.org/~~10.1172~~%2FJCI16846~~</ref> The experience of this effect may decrease anxiety-related behaviours such as restlessness, muscular tension,<ref>Tyrer, P. (1988). Prescribing psychotropic drugs in general practice. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 296(6622), 588. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2545227/</ref> rumination, and panic attacks. This typically results in feelings of extreme calmness and relaxation.

'''Anxiety suppression''' (also known as '''anxiolysis''' or '''minimal sedation''')<ref>National Cancer Institute. (2016). NCI dictionary of cancer terms. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/anxiolysis</ref> is a partial to complete suppression of a person’s ability to feel anxiety, general unease, and negative feelings of both psychological and physiological tension.<ref name="Gordon2002">{{cite journal|last1=Gordon|first1=Joshua A.|title=Anxiolytic drug targets: beyond the usual suspects|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=110|issue=7|year=2002|pages=915–917|issn=0021-9738|doi=10.1172/JCI0216846}}</ref> The experience of this effect may decrease anxiety-related behaviours such as restlessness, muscular tension,<ref>Tyrer, P. (1988). Prescribing psychotropic drugs in general practice. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 296(6622), 588. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2545227/</ref> rumination, and panic attacks. This typically results in feelings of extreme calmness and relaxation.

Anxiety suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[disinhibition]] and [[sedation]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[anxiolytic]] compounds which primarily include [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref>Lydiard, R. B. (2003). The role of GABA in anxiety disorders. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 64, 21-27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12662130</ref><ref>Nuss~~, P. (2015).~~ Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: a disturbance of modulation. Neuropsychiatric ~~disease~~ and ~~treatment, 11,~~ 165~~. https://dx.~~doi~~.org/~~10.2147~~%2FNDT~~.S58841</ref> such as [[benzodiazepine|benzodiazepines]],<ref>Shader~~, R.~~ I.~~, &~~ Greenblatt~~, D.~~ J. ~~(1993).~~ Use of ~~benzodiazepines~~ in ~~anxiety disorders.~~ New England Journal of Medicine, 328(19~~), 1398~~-~~1405. https://~~doi~~.org/~~10.1056/NEJM199305133281907</ref> [[alcohol]],<ref>Smith, J. P., & Randall, C. L. (2012). Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: comorbidity and treatment considerations. Alcohol research: current reviews. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860396/</ref> [[GHB]],<ref>Schmidt-Mutter~~, C.,~~ Pain~~, L.,~~ Sandner~~, G.,~~ Gobaille~~, S., &~~ Maitre~~, M. (1998).~~ The anxiolytic effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate in the elevated plus maze is reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil. European ~~journal~~ of ~~pharmacology,~~ 342(1~~), 21-27. https://~~doi~~.org/~~10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01503-3</ref> and [[gabapentinoid|gabapentinoids]]<ref>Pollack~~, M.~~ H., Matthews~~, J., &~~ Scott~~, E.~~ L. ~~(1998).~~ Gabapentin as a ~~potential treatment~~ for ~~anxiety disorders.~~ American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(7~~), 992~~-~~993. (9) https://~~doi~~.org/~~10.1176/ajp.155.7.992</ref>. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of a large variety of other pharmacological classes which include but are not limited to [[opioid|opioids]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>Irwin~~, S.~~ A.~~, &~~ Iglewicz~~, A. (2010).~~ Oral ~~ketamine~~ for the ~~rapid treatment~~ of ~~depression~~ and ~~anxiety~~ in ~~patients receiving hospice care.~~ Journal of ~~palliative medicine,~~ 13(7~~), 903~~-~~908. https://~~doi~~.org/~~10.1089/jpm.2010.9808</ref> and [[SSRI|SSRIs]]<ref>Evans, B. J., & Burrows, G. D. (Eds.). (1998). Hypnosis in Australia. 82-3. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. http://hc.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4501310/Evans-Hypnosis_Australia.pdf#page=96</ref>.

Anxiety suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[disinhibition]] and [[sedation]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[anxiolytic]] compounds which primarily include [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref>Lydiard, R. B. (2003). The role of GABA in anxiety disorders. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 64, 21-27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12662130</ref><ref name="GauthierNuss2015">{{cite journal|last1=Gauthier|first1=Isabelle|last2=Nuss|first2=Philippe|title=Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: a disturbance of modulation|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|year=2015|pages=165|issn=1178-2021|doi=10.2147/NDT.S58841}}</ref> such as [[benzodiazepine|benzodiazepines]],<ref name="WoodShader1993">{{cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=Alastair J.J.|last2=Shader|first2=Richard I.|last3=Greenblatt|first3=David J.|title=Use of Benzodiazepines in Anxiety Disorders|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=328|issue=19|year=1993|pages=1398–1405|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199305133281907}}</ref> [[alcohol]],<ref>Smith, J. P., & Randall, C. L. (2012). Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: comorbidity and treatment considerations. Alcohol research: current reviews. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860396/</ref> [[GHB]],<ref name="Schmidt-MutterPain1998">{{cite journal|last1=Schmidt-Mutter|first1=Catherine|last2=Pain|first2=Laure|last3=Sandner|first3=Guy|last4=Gobaille|first4=Serge|last5=Maitre|first5=Michel|title=The anxiolytic effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate in the elevated plus maze is reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=342|issue=1|year=1998|pages=21–27|issn=00142999|doi=10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01503-3}}</ref> and [[gabapentinoid|gabapentinoids]]<ref name="PollackMatthews1998">{{cite journal|last1=Pollack|first1=Mark H.|last2=Matthews|first2=John|last3=Scott|first3=Erin L.|title=Gabapentin as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=155|issue=7|year=1998|pages=992–993|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.155.7.992}}</ref>. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of a large variety of other pharmacological classes which include but are not limited to [[opioid|opioids]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref name="IrwinIglewicz2010">{{cite journal|last1=Irwin|first1=Scott A.|last2=Iglewicz|first2=Alana|title=Oral Ketamine for the Rapid Treatment of Depression and Anxiety in Patients Receiving Hospice Care|journal=Journal of Palliative Medicine|volume=13|issue=7|year=2010|pages=903–908|issn=1096-6218|doi=10.1089/jpm.2010.9808}}</ref> and [[SSRI|SSRIs]]<ref>Evans, B. J., & Burrows, G. D. (Eds.). (1998). Hypnosis in Australia. 82-3. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. http://hc.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4501310/Evans-Hypnosis_Australia.pdf#page=96</ref>.

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===Psychoactive substances===

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-'''Anxiety suppression''' (also known as '''anxiolysis''' or '''minimal sedation''')<ref>National Cancer Institute. (2016). NCI dictionary of cancer terms. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/anxiolysis</ref> is a partial to complete suppression of a person’s ability to feel anxiety, general unease, and negative feelings of both psychological and physiological tension.<ref>Gordon, J. A. (2002). Anxiolytic drug targets: beyond the usual suspects. The Journal of clinical investigation, 110(7), 915-917. https://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI16846</ref> The experience of this effect may decrease anxiety-related behaviours such as restlessness, muscular tension,<ref>Tyrer, P. (1988). Prescribing psychotropic drugs in general practice. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 296(6622), 588. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2545227/</ref> rumination, and panic attacks. This typically results in feelings of extreme calmness and relaxation.
+'''Anxiety suppression''' (also known as '''anxiolysis''' or '''minimal sedation''')<ref>National Cancer Institute. (2016). NCI dictionary of cancer terms. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/anxiolysis</ref> is a partial to complete suppression of a person’s ability to feel anxiety, general unease, and negative feelings of both psychological and physiological tension.<ref name="Gordon2002">{{cite journal|last1=Gordon|first1=Joshua A.|title=Anxiolytic drug targets: beyond the usual suspects|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=110|issue=7|year=2002|pages=915–917|issn=0021-9738|doi=10.1172/JCI0216846}}</ref> The experience of this effect may decrease anxiety-related behaviours such as restlessness, muscular tension,<ref>Tyrer, P. (1988). Prescribing psychotropic drugs in general practice. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 296(6622), 588. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2545227/</ref> rumination, and panic attacks. This typically results in feelings of extreme calmness and relaxation.
-Anxiety suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[disinhibition]] and [[sedation]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[anxiolytic]] compounds which primarily include [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref>Lydiard, R. B. (2003). The role of GABA in anxiety disorders. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 64, 21-27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12662130</ref><ref>Nuss, P. (2015). Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: a disturbance of modulation. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 11, 165. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S58841</ref> such as [[benzodiazepine|benzodiazepines]],<ref>Shader, R. I., & Greenblatt, D. J. (1993). Use of benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(19), 1398-1405. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199305133281907</ref> [[alcohol]],<ref>Smith, J. P., & Randall, C. L. (2012). Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: comorbidity and treatment considerations. Alcohol research: current reviews. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860396/</ref> [[GHB]],<ref>Schmidt-Mutter, C., Pain, L., Sandner, G., Gobaille, S., & Maitre, M. (1998). The anxiolytic effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate in the elevated plus maze is reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil. European journal of pharmacology, 342(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01503-3</ref> and [[gabapentinoid|gabapentinoids]]<ref>Pollack, M. H., Matthews, J., & Scott, E. L. (1998). Gabapentin as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(7), 992-993. (9) https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.7.992</ref>. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of a large variety of other pharmacological classes which include but are not limited to [[opioid|opioids]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>Irwin, S. A., & Iglewicz, A. (2010). Oral ketamine for the rapid treatment of depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care. Journal of palliative medicine, 13(7), 903-908. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2010.9808</ref> and [[SSRI|SSRIs]]<ref>Evans, B. J., & Burrows, G. D. (Eds.). (1998). Hypnosis in Australia. 82-3. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. http://hc.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4501310/Evans-Hypnosis_Australia.pdf#page=96</ref>.
+Anxiety suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[disinhibition]] and [[sedation]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[anxiolytic]] compounds which primarily include [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref>Lydiard, R. B. (2003). The role of GABA in anxiety disorders. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 64, 21-27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12662130</ref><ref name="GauthierNuss2015">{{cite journal|last1=Gauthier|first1=Isabelle|last2=Nuss|first2=Philippe|title=Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: a disturbance of modulation|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|year=2015|pages=165|issn=1178-2021|doi=10.2147/NDT.S58841}}</ref> such as [[benzodiazepine|benzodiazepines]],<ref name="WoodShader1993">{{cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=Alastair J.J.|last2=Shader|first2=Richard I.|last3=Greenblatt|first3=David J.|title=Use of Benzodiazepines in Anxiety Disorders|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=328|issue=19|year=1993|pages=1398–1405|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199305133281907}}</ref> [[alcohol]],<ref>Smith, J. P., & Randall, C. L. (2012). Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: comorbidity and treatment considerations. Alcohol research: current reviews. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860396/</ref> [[GHB]],<ref name="Schmidt-MutterPain1998">{{cite journal|last1=Schmidt-Mutter|first1=Catherine|last2=Pain|first2=Laure|last3=Sandner|first3=Guy|last4=Gobaille|first4=Serge|last5=Maitre|first5=Michel|title=The anxiolytic effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate in the elevated plus maze is reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=342|issue=1|year=1998|pages=21–27|issn=00142999|doi=10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01503-3}}</ref> and [[gabapentinoid|gabapentinoids]]<ref name="PollackMatthews1998">{{cite journal|last1=Pollack|first1=Mark H.|last2=Matthews|first2=John|last3=Scott|first3=Erin L.|title=Gabapentin as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=155|issue=7|year=1998|pages=992–993|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.155.7.992}}</ref>. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of a large variety of other pharmacological classes which include but are not limited to [[opioid|opioids]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref name="IrwinIglewicz2010">{{cite journal|last1=Irwin|first1=Scott A.|last2=Iglewicz|first2=Alana|title=Oral Ketamine for the Rapid Treatment of Depression and Anxiety in Patients Receiving Hospice Care|journal=Journal of Palliative Medicine|volume=13|issue=7|year=2010|pages=903–908|issn=1096-6218|doi=10.1089/jpm.2010.9808}}</ref> and [[SSRI|SSRIs]]<ref>Evans, B. J., & Burrows, G. D. (Eds.). (1998). Hypnosis in Australia. 82-3. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. http://hc.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4501310/Evans-Hypnosis_Australia.pdf#page=96</ref>.
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 ===Psychoactive substances===