Memory enhancement: Difference between revisions

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Memory enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[analysis enhancement]] and [[thought acceleration]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[nootropic]] compounds, such as [[methylphenidate]],<ref>Mehta, M. A., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J. D., & Robbins, T. W. (2000). Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(6), RC65-RC65. http://www.adders.org/camb%20research.pdf</ref> [[caffeine]],<ref name="Borota2014"/> [[Noopept]],<ref>Ostrovskaia, R. U., Gudasheva, T. A., Voronina, T. A., & Seredenin, S. B. (2002). The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent Noopept. Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia, 65(5), 66-72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12596521</ref> [[nicotine]],<ref>Heishman, S. J., Kleykamp, B. A., & Singleton, E. G. (2010). Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology, 210(4), 453-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1</ref> and [[modafinil]].<ref>Müller, U., Steffenhagen, N., Regenthal, R., & Bublak, P. (2004). Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans. Psychopharmacology, 177(1-2), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1926-3</ref>

====Types====

Different substances can enhance different kinds of memory with some considerable overlap. Generally, there are three types:

* '''Long-term memory:''' A vast store of knowledge and a record of prior events.<ref name="Cowan2008">Cowan, N. (2008). What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?. Progress in brain research, 169, 323-338. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123(07)00020-9</ref>

* '''Short-term memory:''' Faculties of the human mind that can hold a limited amount of information in a very accessible state temporarily.<ref name="Cowan2008"/><ref name="Engle1999">Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. (1999). Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 128(3), 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309</ref><ref name="Daneman1996">Daneman, M., & Merikle, P. M. (1996). Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 3(4), 422-433. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214546</ref>

* '''Working memory:''' Information used to plan and carry out behavior. Not completely distinct from short-term memory, it's generally viewed as the combination of multiple components working together. Measures of working memory have been found to correlate with intellectual aptitudes (and especially fluid intelligence) better than measures of short-term memory and, in fact, possibly better than measures of any other particular psychological process. Both storage and processing have to be engaged concurrently to assess working memory capacity, which relates it to cognitive aptitude.<ref name="Cowan2008"/><ref name="Engle1999"/><ref name="Daneman1996"/><ref>Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 19(4), 450-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6</ref><ref>Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990). Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!. Intelligence, 14(4), 389-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1</ref>

</onlyinclude>

===Psychoactive substances===

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 Memory enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[analysis enhancement]] and [[thought acceleration]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[nootropic]] compounds, such as [[methylphenidate]],<ref>Mehta, M. A., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J. D., & Robbins, T. W. (2000). Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(6), RC65-RC65. http://www.adders.org/camb%20research.pdf</ref> [[caffeine]],<ref name="Borota2014"/> [[Noopept]],<ref>Ostrovskaia, R. U., Gudasheva, T. A., Voronina, T. A., & Seredenin, S. B. (2002). The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent Noopept. Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia, 65(5), 66-72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12596521</ref> [[nicotine]],<ref>Heishman, S. J., Kleykamp, B. A., & Singleton, E. G. (2010). Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology, 210(4), 453-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1</ref> and [[modafinil]].<ref>Müller, U., Steffenhagen, N., Regenthal, R., & Bublak, P. (2004). Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans. Psychopharmacology, 177(1-2), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1926-3</ref>
+====Types====
+Different substances can enhance different kinds of memory with some considerable overlap. Generally, there are three types:
+* '''Long-term memory:''' A vast store of knowledge and a record of prior events.<ref name="Cowan2008">Cowan, N. (2008). What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?. Progress in brain research, 169, 323-338. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123(07)00020-9</ref>
+* '''Short-term memory:''' Faculties of the human mind that can hold a limited amount of information in a very accessible state temporarily.<ref name="Cowan2008"/><ref name="Engle1999">Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. (1999). Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 128(3), 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309</ref><ref name="Daneman1996">Daneman, M., & Merikle, P. M. (1996). Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 3(4), 422-433. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214546</ref>
+* '''Working memory:'''  Information used to plan and carry out behavior. Not completely distinct from short-term memory, it's generally viewed as the combination of multiple components working together. Measures of working memory have been found to correlate with intellectual aptitudes (and especially fluid intelligence) better than measures of short-term memory and, in fact, possibly better than measures of any other particular psychological process. Both storage and processing have to be engaged concurrently to assess working memory capacity, which relates it to cognitive aptitude.<ref name="Cowan2008"/><ref name="Engle1999"/><ref name="Daneman1996"/><ref>Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 19(4), 450-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6</ref><ref>Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990). Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!. Intelligence, 14(4), 389-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1</ref>
 </onlyinclude>
 ===Psychoactive substances===