Nootropic: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Nootropic_Survey_2016_Factor_Analysis.png|thumbnail|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis Factor analysis] of nootropic rating from the [http://slatestarcodex.com/2016/03/01/2016-nootropics-survey-results/ 2016 survey]]]

'''Nootropics''' (also referred to as '''smart drugs''', '''memory enhancers''', '''neuro enhancers''', '''cognitive enhancers''', and '''intelligence enhancers''') are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that purportedly improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration.<ref>Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary | http://web.archive.org/web/20080130031824/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_n_10zPzhtm</ref><ref>Cognition enhancers between treating and doping the mind (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661808000273</ref> Nootropics are thought to work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals (neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by stimulating nerve growth.

Dr. ~~Giurgea proposed the following criteria~~ for ~~determining whether or not a substance fits the "nootropic" descriptor~~:

'''Nootropics''' (also referred to as '''smart drugs''', '''neuro enhancers''', and '''cognitive enhancers''') are substances that purportedly improve cognitive functions such as memory, motivation, attention, and concentration, in healthy individuals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Frati, P.)), ((Kyriakou, C.)), ((Rio, A. D.)), ((Marinelli, E.)), ((Vergallo, G. M.)), ((Zaami, S.)), ((Busardo, F. P.)) | journal=Current Neuropharmacology | title=Smart Drugs and Synthetic Androgens for Cognitive and Physical Enhancement: Revolving Doors of Cosmetic Neurology | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=5–11 | url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/63921}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lanni, C.)), ((Lenzken, S. C.)), ((Pascale, A.)), ((Del Vecchio, I.)), ((Racchi, M.)), ((Pistoia, F.)), ((Govoni, S.)) | journal=Pharmacological Research | title=Cognition enhancers between treating and doping the mind | volume=57 | issue=3 | pages=196–213 | date=1 March 2008 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661808000273 | issn=1043-6618 | doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2008.02.004}}</ref> Nootropics are thought to work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals (i.e. neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by stimulating nerve growth.{{citation needed}}

* Enhancement of ~~learning~~ and ~~memory function~~

* Improvement of learned behaviours when conditions are ~~set~~ to ~~disrupt them~~ (eg. ~~administering an amnesiac~~)

* Must be neuroprotective

* Must be extremely low in toxicity, ~~with few to no side effects~~

~~Thus~~, ~~according to the strict definition~~ of ~~a nootropic~~, ~~substances such as~~ [~~[amphetamine~~]], [[~~methylphenidate~~]], ~~[[modafinil]] are not nootropics but are better considered as stimulants~~ and ~~eugeroics~~.

The word ''nootropic'' was coined in 1972 by a Romanian psychologist and chemist, Corneliu E. Giurgea,<ref name="isbn0-06-088473-8">{{Cite book|author=Gazzaniga, Michael S. |title=The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas (P.S.) |publisher=Harper Perennial |location=New York, N.Y |year=2006 |page=184 |isbn=0-06-088473-8 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4541214">{{Cite journal|author=Giurgea C |title=[Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain. Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology] ("Vers une pharmacologie de l'active integrative du cerveau: Tentative du concept nootrope en psychopharmacologie") |language=French |journal=Actual Pharmacol (Paris) |volume=25 |issue= |pages=115–56 |year=1972 |pmid=4541214 |doi= |url=}}</ref> from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words νοῦς (''nous''), or "mind", and τρέπειν (''trepein''), meaning to bend or turn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nootropic|title=nootropic {{!}} Definition of nootropic in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Dr. Giurgea proposed the following criteria for determining whether or not a substance fits the "nootropic" descriptor:

~~==Classes~~ of ~~nootropics==~~

*Enhancement of learning and memory function

~~[[File:Noopept.png|thumbnail|Noopept molecule]]~~

*Improvement of learned behaviors when conditions are set to disrupt them (e.g. administering an amnesiac)

~~There~~ are ~~several classes of nootropics, as well as compounds which fit no specific classification, per se~~. ~~Once of the most well-known and most-utilized is that of the racetams, the prototypical example being that of [[piracetam]], the first nootropic recognized as such in 1964~~.

*Must be neuroprotective

~~[[File:Piracetam.png|thumbnail|Piracetam Chemical Structure]]~~

*Must be extremely low in toxicity, with few to no side effects

~~The racetams all share a 2-pyrrolidinone cycle. Other racetam nootropics include aniracetam~~, ~~oxiracetam, phenylpiracetam, and coluracetam.~~

~~A second class of nootropic compounds is that of the synthetic peptides~~, the ~~most common example being that of Noopept. Although not a racetam, Noopept is commonly grouped with racetams due~~ to a ~~similar mode of action, however, it~~ does not ~~contain a 2-pyrrolidinone moiety, and is strictly not a racetam~~.

However, the term has come to acquire a popular meaning that does not require all of these criteria.

~~Due to~~ the ~~fact~~ that nootropics science is in its infancy, there are ~~continually~~ new compounds being synthesized such as IDRA-21, PRL-8-53, ~~Unifiram~~, ~~Sunifiram~~, etc. which do not neatly fit into a structural ~~drug~~ class. Additionally, side effects, dosages, dangerous interactions and the like are virtually unknown for some of these compounds~~, making investigations into their use by the average psychonaut risky~~.

==Classes==

[[File:Noopept.svg|thumbnail|Noopept molecule]]

[[File:Piracetam.svg|thumbnail|Piracetam Chemical Structure]]

There are several classes of nootropics, as well as compounds which fit no specific classification. Once of the most well-known and most-utilized is that of the racetams, the prototypical example being that of [[piracetam]], the first nootropic recognized as such in 1964. The racetams all share a 2-pyrrolidinone cycle. Other racetam nootropics include aniracetam, oxiracetam, phenylpiracetam, and coluracetam.

A second class of nootropic compounds are the synthetic peptides, the most common example being that of noopept. Although not a racetam, noopept is commonly grouped with racetams due to a similar mode of action.

As nootropics science is in its infancy, there are new compounds being synthesized such as IDRA-21, PRL-8-53, unifiram, sunifiram, etc. which do not neatly fit into a structural class. Additionally, side effects, dosages, dangerous interactions and the like are virtually unknown for some of these compounds.

==Subjective effects==

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*'''[[Memory enhancement|Memory enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Stimulation|Stimulation]]'''

*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]''' ~~(for those with anxiety)~~

*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]'''

*'''[[Wakefulness]]'''

==Examples==

===[[Racetams]]===

*[[Aniracetam]]

*[[Coluracetam]]

*[[Fasoracetam]]

*[[Nefiracetam]]

*[[Oxiracetam]]

*[[Phenylpiracetam]]

*[[Piracetam]]

*[[Pramiracetam]]

===Afinils===

*[[Adrafinil]]

*[[Armodafinil]]

*[[N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil]]

*[[Modafinil]]

===Nutrients===

~~<div class='flex-panel'>~~

*[[Alpha-GPC]]

~~<div class='flex-column'>~~

*[[Choline bitartrate]]

~~<div class="panel radius">~~

*[[Citicoline]]

~~<h3 class="panel-header">~~[[~~Nootropics]] [[File:graduation~~-~~cap.svg|x20px|right|link=~~]]~~</h3>~~

*[[Creatine]]

*[[SAM-e]]

~~<ul class="featured-table">~~

*[[Tyrosine]]

~~<li class="featured list-item">~~

~~<h4 class="media-heading">~~[[~~Racetam~~]]~~s</h4>~~

===Ampakines===

* Aniracetam

* [[~~Coluracetam~~]]

*[[IDRA-21]]

* [[~~Piracetam~~]]

* [[~~Pramiracetam~~]]

===Others===

* [[~~Oxiracetam~~]]

~~<li class~~=~~"featured list-item">~~

*[[5-HTP]]

~~<h4 class~~=~~"media-heading">Afinils</h4>~~

*[[Arecoline]]

* Adrafinil

*[[Ashwagandha]]

* [[~~Armodafinil~~]]

*[[Bromantane]]

* [[~~Fluorafinil~~]]

*[[Caffeine]]

* [[~~Modafinil~~]]

*[[Cotinine]]

~~<li class="featured list-item">~~

*[[Galantamine]]

~~<h4 class="media-heading">Nutrients</h4>~~

*[[Huperzine A]]

* [[~~Alpha-GPC~~]]

*[[Theanine|L-Theanine]]

* [[~~Choline bitartrate~~]]

*[[Memantine]]

* [[~~Citicoline~~]]

*[[N-Acetylcysteine]]

* [[~~Creatine~~]]

*[[Nicotine]]

* [[~~Tyrosine~~]]

*[[Noopept]]

~~<li class="featured list-item">~~

*[[Prolintane]]

~~<h4 class="media-heading">Others</h4>~~

*[[Theacrine]]

* [[~~Bromantane~~]]

*[[Tianeptine]]

* Cotinine

*[[Alpha-GPC]]

* [[Theanine|L-Theanine]]

* [[~~Tianeptine~~]]

* [[N-Acetylcysteine]]

* [[Nicotine]]

* [[Noopept]]

* [[Prolintane]]

~~</li>~~

~~</ul>~~

~~</div>~~

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Psychoactive substance index]]

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*[[Depressants]]

*[[Hallucinogens]]

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic Nootropic (Wikipedia)]

*[https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/ /r/Nootropics (Reddit)]

*[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/ Nootropics / Smart Drugs (Erowid)]

*[https://examine.com/supplements/nootropic/ Nootropic (Examine.com)]

===Discussion===

*[https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/ /r/Nootropics (Reddit)]

==References==

[[Category:Nootropic|*]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Nootropic_Survey_2016_Factor_Analysis.png|thumbnail|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis Factor analysis] of nootropic rating from the [http://slatestarcodex.com/2016/03/01/2016-nootropics-survey-results/ 2016 survey]]]
-'''Nootropics''' (also referred to as '''smart drugs''', '''memory enhancers''', '''neuro enhancers''', '''cognitive enhancers''', and '''intelligence enhancers''') are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that purportedly improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration.<ref>Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary | http://web.archive.org/web/20080130031824/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_n_10zPzhtm</ref><ref>Cognition enhancers between treating and doping the mind (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661808000273</ref> Nootropics are thought to work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals (neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by stimulating nerve growth.
-Dr. Giurgea proposed the following criteria for determining whether or not a substance fits the "nootropic" descriptor:
+'''Nootropics''' (also referred to as '''smart drugs''', '''neuro enhancers''', and '''cognitive enhancers''') are substances that purportedly improve cognitive functions such as memory, motivation, attention, and concentration, in healthy individuals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Frati, P.)), ((Kyriakou, C.)), ((Rio, A. D.)), ((Marinelli, E.)), ((Vergallo, G. M.)), ((Zaami, S.)), ((Busardo, F. P.)) | journal=Current Neuropharmacology | title=Smart Drugs and Synthetic Androgens for Cognitive and Physical Enhancement: Revolving Doors of Cosmetic Neurology | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=5–11 | url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/63921}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lanni, C.)), ((Lenzken, S. C.)), ((Pascale, A.)), ((Del Vecchio, I.)), ((Racchi, M.)), ((Pistoia, F.)), ((Govoni, S.)) | journal=Pharmacological Research | title=Cognition enhancers between treating and doping the mind | volume=57 | issue=3 | pages=196–213 | date=1 March 2008 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661808000273 | issn=1043-6618 | doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2008.02.004}}</ref> Nootropics are thought to work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals (i.e. neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by stimulating nerve growth.{{citation needed}}
-* Enhancement of learning and memory function
-* Improvement of learned behaviours when conditions are set to disrupt them (eg. administering an amnesiac)
-* Must be neuroprotective
-* Must be extremely low in toxicity, with few to no side effects
-Thus, according to the strict definition of a nootropic, substances such as [[amphetamine]], [[methylphenidate]], [[modafinil]] are not nootropics but are better considered as stimulants and eugeroics.
+The word ''nootropic'' was coined in 1972 by a Romanian psychologist and chemist, Corneliu E. Giurgea,<ref name="isbn0-06-088473-8">{{Cite book|author=Gazzaniga, Michael S. |title=The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas (P.S.) |publisher=Harper Perennial |location=New York, N.Y |year=2006 |page=184 |isbn=0-06-088473-8 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4541214">{{Cite journal|author=Giurgea C |title=[Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain. Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology] ("Vers une pharmacologie de l'active integrative du cerveau: Tentative du concept nootrope en psychopharmacologie") |language=French |journal=Actual Pharmacol (Paris) |volume=25 |issue= |pages=115–56 |year=1972 |pmid=4541214 |doi= |url=}}</ref> from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words νοῦς (''nous''), or "mind", and τρέπειν (''trepein''), meaning to bend or turn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nootropic|title=nootropic {{!}} Definition of nootropic in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Dr. Giurgea proposed the following criteria for determining whether or not a substance fits the "nootropic" descriptor:
-==Classes of nootropics==
+*Enhancement of learning and memory function
-[[File:Noopept.png|thumbnail|Noopept molecule]]
+*Improvement of learned behaviors when conditions are set to disrupt them (e.g. administering an amnesiac)
-There are several classes of nootropics, as well as compounds which fit no specific classification, per se. Once of the most well-known and most-utilized is that of the racetams, the prototypical example being that of [[piracetam]], the first nootropic recognized as such in 1964.
+*Must be neuroprotective
-[[File:Piracetam.png|thumbnail|Piracetam Chemical Structure]]
+*Must be extremely low in toxicity, with few to no side effects
-The racetams all share a 2-pyrrolidinone cycle. Other racetam nootropics include aniracetam, oxiracetam, phenylpiracetam, and coluracetam.
-A second class of nootropic compounds is that of the synthetic peptides, the most common example being that of Noopept. Although not a racetam, Noopept is commonly grouped with racetams due to a similar mode of action, however, it does not contain a 2-pyrrolidinone moiety, and is strictly not a racetam.
+However, the term has come to acquire a popular meaning that does not require all of these criteria.
-Due to the fact that nootropics science is in its infancy, there are continually new compounds being synthesized such as IDRA-21, PRL-8-53, Unifiram, Sunifiram, etc. which do not neatly fit into a structural drug class. Additionally, side effects, dosages, dangerous interactions and the like are virtually unknown for some of these compounds, making investigations into their use by the average psychonaut risky.
+==Classes==
+[[File:Noopept.svg|thumbnail|Noopept molecule]]
+[[File:Piracetam.svg|thumbnail|Piracetam Chemical Structure]]
+There are several classes of nootropics, as well as compounds which fit no specific classification. Once of the most well-known and most-utilized is that of the racetams, the prototypical example being that of [[piracetam]], the first nootropic recognized as such in 1964. The racetams all share a 2-pyrrolidinone cycle. Other racetam nootropics include aniracetam, oxiracetam, phenylpiracetam, and coluracetam.
+A second class of nootropic compounds are the synthetic peptides, the most common example being that of noopept. Although not a racetam, noopept is commonly grouped with racetams due to a similar mode of action.
+As nootropics science is in its infancy, there are new compounds being synthesized such as IDRA-21, PRL-8-53, unifiram, sunifiram, etc. which do not neatly fit into a structural class. Additionally, side effects, dosages, dangerous interactions and the like are virtually unknown for some of these compounds.
 ==Subjective effects==
@@ Line 29: / Line 30: @@
 *'''[[Memory enhancement|Memory enhancement]]'''
 *'''[[Stimulation|Stimulation]]'''
-*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]''' (for those with anxiety)
+*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]'''
 *'''[[Wakefulness]]'''
 ==Examples==
+===[[Racetams]]===
+*[[Aniracetam]]
+*[[Coluracetam]]
+*[[Fasoracetam]]
+*[[Nefiracetam]]
+*[[Oxiracetam]]
+*[[Phenylpiracetam]]
+*[[Piracetam]]
+*[[Pramiracetam]]
+===Afinils===
+*[[Adrafinil]]
+*[[Armodafinil]]
+*[[N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil]]
+*[[Modafinil]]
+===Nutrients===
-<div class='flex-panel'>
+*[[Alpha-GPC]]
-    <div class='flex-column'>
+*[[Choline bitartrate]]
-        <div class="panel radius">
+*[[Citicoline]]
-            <h3 class="panel-header">[[Nootropics]] [[File:graduation-cap.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>
+*[[Creatine]]
+*[[SAM-e]]
-            <ul class="featured-table">
+*[[Tyrosine]]
-                <li class="featured list-item">
-<h4 class="media-heading">[[Racetam]]s</h4>
+===Ampakines===
-* Aniracetam
-* [[Coluracetam]]
+*[[IDRA-21]]
-* [[Piracetam]]
-* [[Pramiracetam]]
+===Others===
-* [[Oxiracetam]]
-                <li class="featured list-item">
+*[[5-HTP]]
-<h4 class="media-heading">Afinils</h4>
+*[[Arecoline]]
-* Adrafinil
+*[[Ashwagandha]]
-* [[Armodafinil]]
+*[[Bromantane]]
-* [[Fluorafinil]]
+*[[Caffeine]]
-* [[Modafinil]]
+*[[Cotinine]]
-                <li class="featured list-item">
+*[[Galantamine]]
-<h4 class="media-heading">Nutrients</h4>
+*[[Huperzine A]]
-* [[Alpha-GPC]]
+*[[Theanine|L-Theanine]]
-* [[Choline bitartrate]]
+*[[Memantine]]
-* [[Citicoline]]
+*[[N-Acetylcysteine]]
-* [[Creatine]]
+*[[Nicotine]]
-* [[Tyrosine]]
+*[[Noopept]]
-                <li class="featured list-item">
+*[[Prolintane]]
-<h4 class="media-heading">Others</h4>
+*[[Theacrine]]
-* [[Bromantane]]
+*[[Tianeptine]]
-* Cotinine
+*[[Alpha-GPC]]
-* [[Theanine|L-Theanine]]
-* [[Tianeptine]]
-* [[N-Acetylcysteine]]
-* [[Nicotine]]
-* [[Noopept]]
-* [[Prolintane]]
-				</li>
-			</ul>
-		</div>
-	</div>
-</div>
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Psychoactive substance index]]
@@ Line 83: / Line 93: @@
 *[[Depressants]]
 *[[Hallucinogens]]
 ==External links==
 *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic Nootropic (Wikipedia)]
-*[https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/ /r/Nootropics (Reddit)]
 *[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/ Nootropics / Smart Drugs (Erowid)]
 *[https://examine.com/supplements/nootropic/ Nootropic (Examine.com)]
+===Discussion===
+*[https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/ /r/Nootropics (Reddit)]
 ==References==
-<references/>
+<references />
+[[Category:Nootropic|*]]
+{{#set:Featured=true}}