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Dextroamphetamine: Difference between revisions

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''Dextroamphetamine'' is one of the two optical isomers of [[Amphetamine]] (''street speed'', ''speed paste'') that is also sold as a prescription drug. The prescription drug can be found in the forms of Adderall and Dexedrine. Of which Adderall consists of 75% Dextroamphetamine / 25% Levoamphetamine, give or take, made by a mixture of different salts ((Dex)amphetamine Sulfate, Aspartate Monohydrate and Saccharate) and Dexedrine consists solely of Dexamphetamine.
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/Dextroamphetamine}}


Dextroamphetamine is the more potent isomer of the two, but the effects are also slightly different in character. The small difference in affinity affects the mechanism resulting in a more mentally focused stimulation rather than physical, thus creating a stimulant that is more fit for functionally/therapeutically useful drug rather than a recreational stimulant. Therefore the dextro enantiomer is preferred in treatment of attention deficit disorder, whereas a racemic (50/50) mixture is found when sold on the streets.
'''Dextroamphetamine''' (also known as ''Dexamphetamine, Dex, Dexies'', and sold under brand names like ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall Adderall]'', ''[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1636-9080/dextroamphetamine-sulfate-oral/dextroamphetamine-oral/details Dexedrine]'', and ''[https://zenzedi.com/ Zenzedi]'') is a central nervous system stimulant and the right-handed enantiomer of amphetamine. It's more potent than its mirror twin, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levoamphetamine levoamphetamine], especially in stimulating dopamine and [[Noradrenaline|norepinephrine]] activity in the brain.


With regular synthesis, the resulting product will always be a racemic mixture. An enantiomerically pure product can be obtained through a biological synthesis route, where certain proteins form only one of the two isomers or through isolation of one isomer from a previously racemic mixture. Financially it would be beneficial to use the biological process, since it requires only little materials, but instead can be performed by bacteria that can be genetically altered to perform the synthesis for you. Those bacteria multiply by themselves, thus automatically creating a long-term production solution.
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], increased focus, [[Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancement]], [[Appetite suppression|appetite suppression]], [[wakefulness]], [[Thought acceleration|thought acceleration]], and [[euphoria]]. At lower to moderate doses, it can promote productivity, alertness, and sociability. However, higher doses may induce restlessness, anxiety, compulsive redosing, and over-stimulation. It is classified as a classical stimulant due to its ability to promote mental and physical arousal through increased catecholamine activity.


More about optical isomers/enantiomers wouldn't be relevant in regard to Amphetamine specifically.
A notable property of dextroamphetamine is its high potential for abuse and rapid tolerance buildup. Repeated use over short periods can lead to diminished effects, compulsive use patterns, and a pronounced comedown characterized by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue#Mental mental fatigue], [[irritability]], and [[anhedonia]].
 
Recreational or street amphetamine is usually a racemic mix of both enantiomers, resulting in a broader and less focused effect profile compared to pure dextroamphetamine.
 
It is highly advised to use [[Harm reduction practices|harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
 
==Chemistry==
{{ChemistryStub}}
Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotary [[enantiomer]] of [[amphetamine]], it is typically obtained via the chiral resolution of racemic amphetamine, but can also be synthesized via typically more envolved enantioselective syntheses.
 
Its physical properties are close to identical to those of (racemic) [[amphetamine]] or [[levoamphetamine]] and tends to also be handled as its sulfate salt.
 
==History and culture==
{{HistoryStub}}
In 1937 Smith, Kline and French introduced tablets of the dextrorotary enantiomer of [[amphetamine]](at that time sold as Benzedrine)under the tradename Dexedrine.
 
==Dangerous interactions==
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Amphetamines}}
 
==Legal status==
Internationally, [[amphetamine]] (and its isomers '''dextroamphetamine''' and [[levoamphetamine]]) are Schedule II controlled substances under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/attachments/10451/convention_1971_en.pdf|title=CONVENTION ON PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES 1971|publisher=United Nations|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref>
 
*'''Australia''': Dextroamphetamine is a Schedule 8 controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019L01471|title=POISONS STANDARD DECEMBER 2019|publisher=Office of Parliamentary Counsel|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref>
*'''Austria''': Dextroamphetamine is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).<ref>https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011053</ref>
*'''Brazil''': Dextroamphetamine is a Class A3 psychoactice substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992</ref>
*'''Canada''': Dextroamphetamine is a Schedule I drug in Canada.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28</ref>
*'''France''': Dextroamphetamine is scheduled as a "stupéfiant", i.e. a recognized drug of abuse, as an isomer of amphetamine. It is illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture. It is not prescriptible<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants  | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': Dextroamphetamine is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form.
*'''The Netherlands''': Dextroamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01</ref>
*'''South Korea''': Dextromphetamine is prohibited even for medical use in South Korea in compliance with the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en</ref>
*'''Sweden''': Dextroamphetamine is a List II controlled substance.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/lvfs-2011-10-konsoliderad2.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika]</ref> It can only be prescribed by doctors with specialist competence in child and adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, neurology or child and adolescent neurology with habilitation.<ref>[https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/globalassets/dokument/lagar-och-regler/hslf-fs/hslf-fs-2017-74-konsoliderad.pdf Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (HSLF-FS 2017:74) om begränsningar av förordnande och utlämnande av vissa läkemedel]</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom, without any clarification about isomers.<ref>{{Citation  | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2}}</ref>
*'''United States''': [[Amphetamine]] is a Schedule IIN controlled substance in the United States, citing several '''dextroamphetamine''' prescription drugs as examples.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/</ref>
 
==See also==
 
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Stimulant]]
*[[Amphetamine]]
*[[Enantiomers]]
*[[Levoamphetamine]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
 
==External links==
 
*[[wikipedia:Dextroamphetamine|Dextroamphetamine (Wikipedia)]]
*[https://erowid.org//chemicals/amphetamines/amphetamines.shtml Dextroamphetamine (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01576 Dextroamphetamine (DrugBank)]
*[https://www.drugs.com/mtm/dextroamphetamine.html Dextroamphetamine (Drugs.com)]
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Amphetamine]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
Retrieved from "http://psy.st/wiki/Dextroamphetamine"