Adrenaline: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Epinephrine.~~png~~|~~277px~~|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of adrenaline molecule.]]

{{headerpanel|{{stub}}}}

'''Adrenaline''', also known as '''epinephrine''', is a [[hormone]] and ~~monoamine~~ [[neurotransmitter]]. ~~Adrenaline~~ is primarily produced in the ~~neurones of the central nervous system of~~ animals ~~including humans~~.

[[File:Epinephrine.svg|270px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of an adrenaline molecule.]]

'''Adrenaline''' (also known as '''epinephrine''') is a [[hormone]] and [[neurotransmitter]]. It is primarily produced in the adrenal glands and certain neurons in humans and animals.{{clarify}}{{citation needed}}

It is used to regulate ~~heartrate~~, blood vessel and air passage diameters, and metabolic shifts. Adrenaline release is a crucial component of the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adrenaline is used to regulate heart rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters, and metabolic shifts. Adrenaline release is a crucial component of the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.{{citation needed}} Adrenaline release during fight-or-flight can increase the rate of processing of information in the brain which leads to a slow motion perception due to the relativity of intertwined space and time as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime spacetime].

==Chemistry==

[[File:Monoamine_chain.png|210px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of monoamine chain molecule.]]

[[File:Catechol.svg|210px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of catechol molecule.]]

Adrenaline is a [[phenethylamines|phenethylamine]] and [[catecholamine]], which is a monoamine chain attached to a benzene ring. The catechol ring is a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups attached to it, where both are ortho-oriented relative to each other. A monoamine chain is made up of an amine group attached to an ethane chain. This monoamine chain can be found in many neurotransmitters, including [[histamine]], [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]] and [[noradrenaline]]. It is also found in many psychoactive substances, examples being [[tryptamines]] and [[phenethylamines]].

~~[[File:Monoamine_chain.png|300px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of monoamine chain molecule.]]~~

==Adrenergic system==

[[~~File:Pyrocatechol1.png|300px|thumb|right~~|~~Skeletal formula of catechol molecule.]]~~

The adrenergic receptors exhibit both excitatory and inhibitory [[neuron#neurotransmission|neurotransmission]] and are located throughout the human body. There are two types of adrenaline receptors; α(1 or 2) and β(1-3).{{citation needed}}

~~Adrenaline is a [[phenethylamine~~]] and ~~catecholamine monoamine, which is a monoamine chain attached to a benzene ring~~. ~~The catechol ring is a benzene ring with~~ two ~~hydroxyl groups attached to it, where both are ortho-oriented relative to each other. A monoamine chain is made up~~ of ~~an amine group attached to an ethane chain. This monoamine chain can be found in many neurotransmitters, including [[histamine]], [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]]~~ and ~~[[noradrenaline]]. It's also found in many drugs, examples being [[tryptamines]] and [[phenethylamines]]~~.

==~~The~~ adrenergic system==

===Drugs targeting the adrenergic system===

The adrenergic receptors exhibit both excitatory and inhibitory [[neurone#neurotransmission|neurotransmission]] and are located throughout the human body. There are two types of adrenaline receptors; α(1 or 2) and β(1-3).

~~===Drugs targeting the adrenergic system===~~

*'''Direct-acting agonists'''

Direct-acting [[agonists]] have direct action upon the adrenergic system where they have action upon the adrenergic receptors themselves. These include antihypertensives (to reduce blood pressure), [[sedatives]] and [[muscle relaxants]].

*'''Indirect-acting agonists'''

Indirect [[agonists]] work by increasing the [[neurotransmission]] of endogenous chemicals such as adrenaline or [[noradrenaline]]. These include many [[stimulant]] drugs, such as [[amphetamine]], [[cocaine]], [[MDMA]] and [[methylphenidate]].

*'''Antagonists'''

[[Antagonists]] of the adrenergic system can be split into α-blockers and β-blockers. These include [[~~anti-psychotics~~]], [[~~anti-depressants~~]] and in medication preventing heart attacks.

[[Antagonists]] of the adrenergic system can be split into α-blockers and β-blockers. These include [[antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]] and in medication preventing heart attacks.

==Subjective Effects==

{{effects/base

{{effects/physical|

*'''[[Stimulation]]'''

*'''[[Bronchodilation]]'''

*'''[[Increased perspiration]]'''

*'''[[Increased heart rate]]'''

*'''[[Increased blood pressure]]'''

*'''[[Pupil dilation]]'''

*'''[[Pain relief]]'''

}}

{{effects/cognitive|

*'''[[Impulsivity]]'''

*'''[[Memory enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Anxiety]]'''

*'''[[Time distortion]]'''

}}

{{effects/visual|

====Enhancements====

*'''[[Colour enhancement]]''' - This is due to the aforementioned Pupil Dilation

*'''[[Visual acuity enhancement]]'''

}}

{{effects/auditory|

*'''[[Auditory enhancement]]'''

}}

==Toxicity and harm potential==

{{toxicity}}It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.

===Lethal dosage===

The range of possible lethal dosage ranges from 4-8 milligrams. This varies on weight and sex.

==Dangerous interactions==

*A - Blockers

*Vasodilators

*Diuretics

*Antihypertensives

*Ergot Alkaloids

*Phenothiazine Antipsychotics

*Sympathomimetics

*B - Blockers

*Trycyclic Anti-depressants

*[[MAOI|MAO Inhibitors]]

*COMT Inhibitors

*[[Clonidine]]

*Doxapram

*Oxytocin

*Anaesthetics

*[[Antihistamine|Antihistamines]]

*Thyroid Hormones

*Cardiac Glycosides

*Quinidine

*Potassium Depleting Diuretics

*Corticosteroids

*Theophylline

==Legal Status==

'''Australia:''' You can buy adrenaline at a pharmacy without a prescription

'''United Kingdom:''' Adrenaline is available by prescription.

'''United States:''' Adrenaline is available by prescription, but can be found in settings such as a school for emergency usage or for first aid carry.

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Acetylcholine]]

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*[[GABA]]

*[[Neurotransmitter]]

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline Adrenaline (Wikipedia)]

*[https://www.pfizermedicalinformation.com/en-us/epinephrine-0/drug-interactions Adrenaline Interactions (Pfizer)]

==References==

[[Category:~~Neurotransmitters~~]]

[[Category:Neurotransmitter]]

[[Category:Hormone]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Epinephrine.png|277px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of adrenaline molecule.]]
+{{headerpanel|{{stub}}}}
-'''Adrenaline''', also known as '''epinephrine''', is a [[hormone]] and monoamine [[neurotransmitter]]. Adrenaline is primarily produced in the neurones of the central nervous system of animals including humans.
+[[File:Epinephrine.svg|270px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of an adrenaline molecule.]]
+'''Adrenaline''' (also known as '''epinephrine''') is a [[hormone]] and [[neurotransmitter]]. It is primarily produced in the adrenal glands and certain neurons in humans and animals.{{clarify}}{{citation needed}}
-It is used to regulate heartrate, blood vessel and air passage diameters, and metabolic shifts. Adrenaline release is a crucial component of the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.
+Adrenaline is used to regulate heart rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters, and metabolic shifts. Adrenaline release is a crucial component of the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.{{citation needed}}  Adrenaline release during fight-or-flight can increase the rate of processing of information in the brain which leads to a slow motion perception due to the relativity of intertwined space and time as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime spacetime].
 ==Chemistry==
+[[File:Monoamine_chain.png|210px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of monoamine chain molecule.]]
+[[File:Catechol.svg|210px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of catechol molecule.]]
+Adrenaline is a [[phenethylamines|phenethylamine]] and [[catecholamine]], which is a monoamine chain attached to a benzene ring. The catechol ring is a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups attached to it, where both are ortho-oriented relative to each other. A monoamine chain is made up of an amine group attached to an ethane chain. This monoamine chain can be found in many neurotransmitters, including [[histamine]], [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]] and [[noradrenaline]]. It is also found in many psychoactive substances, examples being [[tryptamines]] and [[phenethylamines]].
-[[File:Monoamine_chain.png|300px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of monoamine chain molecule.]]
+==Adrenergic system==
-[[File:Pyrocatechol1.png|300px|thumb|right|Skeletal formula of catechol molecule.]]
+The adrenergic receptors exhibit both excitatory and inhibitory [[neuron#neurotransmission|neurotransmission]] and are located throughout the human body. There are two types of adrenaline receptors; α<sub>(1 or 2)</sub> and β<sub>(1-3)</sub>.{{citation needed}}
-Adrenaline is a [[phenethylamine]] and catecholamine monoamine, which is a monoamine chain attached to a benzene ring. The catechol ring is a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups attached to it, where both are ortho-oriented relative to each other. A monoamine chain is made up of an amine group attached to an ethane chain. This monoamine chain can be found in many neurotransmitters, including [[histamine]], [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]] and [[noradrenaline]]. It's also found in many drugs, examples being [[tryptamines]] and [[phenethylamines]].
-==The adrenergic system==
+===Drugs targeting the adrenergic system===
-The adrenergic receptors exhibit both excitatory and inhibitory [[neurone#neurotransmission|neurotransmission]] and are located throughout the human body. There are two types of adrenaline receptors; α<sub>(1 or 2)</sub> and β<sub>(1-3)</sub>.
-===Drugs targeting the adrenergic system===
 *'''Direct-acting agonists'''
 Direct-acting [[agonists]] have direct action upon the adrenergic system where they have action upon the adrenergic receptors themselves. These include antihypertensives (to reduce blood pressure), [[sedatives]] and [[muscle relaxants]].
 *'''Indirect-acting agonists'''
 Indirect [[agonists]] work by increasing the [[neurotransmission]] of endogenous chemicals such as adrenaline or [[noradrenaline]]. These include many [[stimulant]] drugs, such as [[amphetamine]], [[cocaine]], [[MDMA]] and [[methylphenidate]].
 *'''Antagonists'''
-[[Antagonists]] of the adrenergic system can be split into α-blockers and β-blockers. These include [[anti-psychotics]], [[anti-depressants]] and in medication preventing heart attacks.
+[[Antagonists]] of the adrenergic system can be split into α-blockers and β-blockers. These include [[antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]] and in medication preventing heart attacks.
+==Subjective Effects==
+{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
+{{effects/base
+{{effects/physical|
+*'''[[Stimulation]]'''
+*'''[[Bronchodilation]]'''
+*'''[[Increased perspiration]]'''
+*'''[[Increased heart rate]]'''
+*'''[[Increased blood pressure]]'''
+*'''[[Pupil dilation]]'''
+*'''[[Pain relief]]'''
+}}
+{{effects/cognitive|
+*'''[[Impulsivity]]'''
+*'''[[Memory enhancement]]'''
+*'''[[Anxiety]]'''
+*'''[[Time distortion]]'''
+}}
+{{effects/visual|
+====Enhancements====
+*'''[[Colour enhancement]]''' - This is due to the aforementioned Pupil Dilation
+*'''[[Visual acuity enhancement]]'''
+}}
+{{effects/auditory|
+*'''[[Auditory enhancement]]'''
+}}<br />
+==Toxicity and harm potential==
+{{toxicity}}It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
+===Lethal dosage===
+The range of possible lethal dosage ranges from 4-8 milligrams. This varies on weight and sex.
+==Dangerous interactions==
+{{DangerousInteractions}}{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
+*A - Blockers
+*Vasodilators
+*Diuretics
+*Antihypertensives
+*Ergot Alkaloids
+*Phenothiazine Antipsychotics
+*Sympathomimetics
+*B - Blockers
+*Trycyclic Anti-depressants
+*[[MAOI|MAO Inhibitors]]
+*COMT Inhibitors
+*[[Clonidine]]
+*Doxapram
+*Oxytocin
+*Anaesthetics
+*[[Antihistamine|Antihistamines]]
+*Thyroid Hormones
+*Cardiac Glycosides
+*Quinidine
+*Potassium Depleting Diuretics
+*Corticosteroids
+*Theophylline
+==Legal Status==
+'''Australia:''' You can buy adrenaline at a pharmacy without a prescription
+'''United Kingdom:''' Adrenaline is available by prescription.
+'''United States:''' Adrenaline is available by prescription, but can be found in settings such as a school for emergency usage or for first aid carry.
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Acetylcholine]]
@@ Line 32: / Line 107: @@
 *[[GABA]]
 *[[Neurotransmitter]]
+==External links==
+*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline Adrenaline (Wikipedia)]
+*[https://www.pfizermedicalinformation.com/en-us/epinephrine-0/drug-interactions Adrenaline Interactions (Pfizer)]
 ==References==
 {{references}}
-[[Category:Neurotransmitters]]
+[[Category:Neurotransmitter]]
+[[Category:Hormone]]
+{{#set:Featured=true}}