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THJ-018: Difference between revisions
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{{#setlogo:SmallStonedStare.gif}} | {{#setlogo:SmallStonedStare.gif}} | ||
{{SummarySheet}} | |||
{{SubstanceBox/THJ-018}} | {{SubstanceBox/THJ-018}} | ||
Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. THJ-018 is [[ | '''THJ-018''' ('''1-naphthalenyl(1-pentyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)-methanone''') is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::cannabinoid]] and analog of [[JWH-018]]. It has been marketed by many [[research chemical]] vendors as a legal alternative to the popular [[JWH-018]], which had been banned in 2009. Its appearance is a brown, sticky and chunky powder. It smells very similarly to naphthalene. | ||
Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. THJ-018 is [[Routes of Administration#Oral|orally]] active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other [[cannabinoid]]s, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids. | |||
Unlike [[cannabis]], the chronic abuse of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] has been [[Synthetic_cannabinoid#Deaths|associated with multiple deaths]] and [[Synthetic cannabinoid#Harm potential|more dangerous side effects and toxicity]] in general. Therefore, it is strongly discouraged to take this substance for extended periods of time or in excessive doses. | Unlike [[cannabis]], the chronic abuse of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] has been [[Synthetic_cannabinoid#Deaths|associated with multiple deaths]] and [[Synthetic cannabinoid#Harm potential|more dangerous side effects and toxicity]] in general. Therefore, it is strongly discouraged to take this substance for extended periods of time or in excessive doses. | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
THJ-018, or 1-naphthalenyl(1-pentyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)-methanone, is a synthetic [[ | THJ-018, or 1-naphthalenyl(1-pentyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)-methanone, is a synthetic [[cannabinoid]] containing a substituted indazole structure. THJ-018 is substituted at R<sub>1</sub> with a pentyl chain. Additionally, the indazole core is substituted at R<sub>3</sub> with a carbonyl group which is also bonded to a napthalene moeity. Napthalene is a bicyclic structure of two fused benzene rings. This carbonyl bridge of THJ-018 classifies it as a ketone. THJ-018 is an analog of [[JWH-018]] in which the core indole structure is substituted with an indazole base. | ||
Like other [[cannabinoids]], it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids. | Like other [[cannabinoids]], it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids. | ||
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==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | |||
{{effects/base | |||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous | |{{effects/physical| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of THJ-018 can be described as a warm, soft, pleasurable, all-encompassing tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Generally, the effects on the user's energy levels are primarily sedating. This encourages one to relax, and (at higher doses) fall asleep. This can, however, be suppressed by simply forcing oneself to engage in physical activities. | *'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Generally, the effects on the user's energy levels are primarily sedating. This encourages one to relax, and (at higher doses) fall asleep. This can, however, be suppressed by simply forcing oneself to engage in physical activities. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements. | *'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, THJ-018 causes an increase in appetite<ref>Mechoulam, R. | *'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, THJ-018 causes an increase in appetite<ref>{{cite book | veditors=((Mechoulam, R.)) | date= 1986 | title=Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849357725}}</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref name="HMW">{{Citation | year=2001 | title=How Marijuana Works | url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana.htm}}</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref name="HMW"></ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Vasodilation]]''' - Cannabinoids appear to decrease blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels, increasing blood flow throughout the body. The arteries in the eyeball expand from the decreased blood pressure, and the heart rate increases to compensate for the reduction in pressure. | *'''[[Effect::Vasodilation]]''' - Cannabinoids appear to decrease blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels, increasing blood flow throughout the body. The arteries in the eyeball expand from the decreased blood pressure, and the heart rate increases to compensate for the reduction in pressure. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref> | *'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Martín-Sánchez, E.)), ((Furukawa, T. A.)), ((Taylor, J.)), ((Martin, J. L. R.)) | journal=Pain Medicine | title=Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cannabis Treatment for Chronic Pain | volume=10 | issue=8 | pages=1353–1368 | date= November 2009 | url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x | issn=1526-2375 | doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lynch, M. E.)), ((Campbell, F.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials: Cannabinoids for pain | volume=72 | issue=5 | pages=735–744 | date= November 2011 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Perception of | *'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' - THJ-018 can cause vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable. | *'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' - THJ-018 can cause vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. | *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Brain zaps]]''' | |||
}} | |||
{{effects/visual| | |||
*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression|Acuity suppression]]''' | |||
*'''[[Effect::Geometry]]''' - As reported with other cannabinoids, THJ-018 can produce closed eye visuals at moderate doses which can escalate into visual distortions such as a ripples in the field of vision upon continuous administration. Within users who also regularly use psychedelics, it is capable of inducing these consistently in a visual style which seems to be an averaged out depiction of all the psychedelics one has used within the past. These rarely extend beyond level 4 and are considered to be mild, fine, small and zoomed out but brighter and better defined than the geometry experienced with cannabis. | |||
}} | |||
|{{effects/cognitive| | |||
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - The most prominent cognitive component of cannabinoids is the way in which they enhance the emotions one is already feeling proportional to dose. This can result in euphoria, extreme laughter, and increased immersion within tasks and activities or it can result in anxiety and paranoia depending on the user's current state of mind. | *'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - The most prominent cognitive component of cannabinoids is the way in which they enhance the emotions one is already feeling proportional to dose. This can result in euphoria, extreme laughter, and increased immersion within tasks and activities or it can result in anxiety and paranoia depending on the user's current state of mind. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - Subjectively, THJ-018 is less anxiogenic and stimulating than [[Δ9-THC]], [[AM-2201]], or [[5F-UR-144]] but more so when compared to [[JWH-018]] or [[JWH-073]]. It can be described as moderately sedating. | *'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - Subjectively, THJ-018 is less anxiogenic and stimulating than [[Δ9-THC]], [[AM-2201]], or [[5F-UR-144]] but more so when compared to [[JWH-018]] or [[JWH-073]]. It can be described as moderately sedating. | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Mindfulness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Mindfulness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect:: | *'''[[Effect::analysis suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref>Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence | *'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2004">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Arseneault, L.)), ((Cannon, M.)), ((Witton, J.)), ((Murray, R. M.)) | journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry | title=Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence | volume=184 | issue=2 | pages=110–117 | date= February 2004 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/causal-association-between-cannabis-and-psychosis-examination-of-the-evidence/71BA37D16485F186CE7B6B785E5B69A4 | issn=0007-1250 | doi=10.1192/bjp.184.2.110}}</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Every-Palmer, S.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence | title=Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study | volume=117 | issue=2–3 | pages=152–157 | date= September 2011 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871611000639 | issn=03768716 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012}}</ref><ref name="Schneir2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schneir, A. B.)), ((Cullen, J.)), ((Ly, B. T.)) | journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=296–299 | date=1 March 2011 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802 | issn=0736-4679 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.10.014}}</ref><ref name="Vearrier2010">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Vearrier, D.)), ((Osterhoudt, K. C.)) | journal=Pediatric Emergency Care | title=A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed | volume=26 | issue=6 | pages=462–465 | date= June 2010 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00006565-201006000-00016 | issn=0749-5161 | doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' | |||
}} | |||
{{effects/auditory| | |||
*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement|Enhancements]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement|Enhancements]]''' | ||
}} | |||
}} | |||
===Combinational effects=== | ===Combinational effects=== | ||
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with psychedelics, cannabinoids are capable of intensifying and extending the duration of both the visual and cognitive effects with extreme efficiency. This should be used with caution if one is not experienced with psychedelics. | *'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with psychedelics, cannabinoids are capable of intensifying and extending the duration of both the visual and cognitive effects with extreme efficiency. This should be used with caution if one is not experienced with psychedelics. | ||
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When used in combination with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. | *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When used in combination with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. | ||
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - When used in combination with alcohol, cannabinoids can cause feelings of extreme nausea, dizziness and changes in gravity. It is recommended that one smokes before drinking and not the other way around unless they are extremely cautious. | *'''[[Alcohol]]''' - When used in combination with alcohol, cannabinoids can cause feelings of extreme nausea, dizziness and changes in gravity. It is recommended that one smokes before drinking and not the other way around unless they are extremely cautious. | ||
===Experience reports=== | |||
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here: | |||
* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_THJ018.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: THJ-018] | |||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{| | {{further|Synthetic cannabinoid#Toxicity and harm potential|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | ||
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational THJ-018 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because THJ-018 has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried THJ-018 within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep. | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational THJ-018 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because THJ-018 has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried THJ-018 within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep. | ||
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, like [[THC]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref> | It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, like [[THC]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2004"></ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer2011"/><ref name="Schneir2011"/><ref name="Vearrier2010"/> | ||
As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience. | As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience. | ||
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===Toxicity=== | ===Toxicity=== | ||
Although there is no valid data on the toxicity of synthetic cannabinoids so far, there is concern that the naphthalene group found in THJ-018 and some other [[synthetic cannabinoids]] may be toxic or carcinogenic.<ref>http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/naphthal.html</ref><ref>Toxicity and metabolism of methylnaphthalenes: comparison with naphthalene and 1-nitronaphthalene. | Although there is no valid data on the toxicity of synthetic cannabinoids so far, there is concern that the naphthalene group found in THJ-018 and some other [[synthetic cannabinoids]] may be toxic or carcinogenic.<ref>http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/naphthal.html</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lin, C. Y.)), ((Wheelock, A. M.)), ((Morin, D.)), ((Baldwin, R. M.)), ((Lee, M. G.)), ((Taff, A.)), ((Plopper, C.)), ((Buckpitt, A.)), ((Rohde, A.)) | journal=Toxicology | title=Toxicity and metabolism of methylnaphthalenes: comparison with naphthalene and 1-nitronaphthalene | volume=260 | issue=1–3 | pages=16–27 | date=16 June 2009 | issn=1879-3185 | doi=10.1016/j.tox.2009.03.002}}</ref><ref>Synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) | https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Synthetic_Cannabinoids.pdf</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Morris, H.)) | year=2010 | title=HAMILTON MORRIS?: NAPTHALENE IS SO OVER | url=http://hamiltonmorris.blogspot.com/2010/06/napthalene-is-so-over.html}}</ref> | ||
==Legal | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}} | |||
{{DangerousInteractions/Cannabis}} | |||
==Legal status== | |||
THJ-018 was developed to bypass drug prohibition laws which have banned the possession and sale of many synthetic [[cannabinoids]]. As such, it remains legal in most of the world. | THJ-018 was developed to bypass drug prohibition laws which have banned the possession and sale of many synthetic [[cannabinoids]]. As such, it remains legal in most of the world. | ||
*''' | |||
*'''Latvia | *'''Germany''': THJ-018 is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 30, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of May 23, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl115s0723.pdf|title=Neunundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2015 Teil I Nr. 19|pages=723-724|publication-date=May 22, 2015|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*''' | *'''Latvia''': THJ-018 is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086}}</ref> | ||
*''' | *'''Sweden''': THJ-018 is banned in Sweden.<ref>http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2014/november/cannabinoider-foreslas-bli-klassade-som-halsofarlig-vara/</ref> | ||
*'''Switzerland''': THJ-018 is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | |||
*'''United Kingdom''': THJ-018 is a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on December 14, 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1109/made}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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*[[JWH-018]] | *[[JWH-018]] | ||
*[[AB-FUBINACA]] | *[[AB-FUBINACA]] | ||
*[[5F- | *[[5F-AKB48]] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THJ-018 THJ-018 (Wikipedia)] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THJ-018 THJ-018 (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=8116 THJ-018 (Isomer Design)] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Research chemical]] | |||
[[Category:Naphthoylindazole]] | |||
[[Category:Cannabinoid]] | [[Category:Cannabinoid]] | ||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | {{#set:Featured=true}} | ||